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PART Ⅰ THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM1

Chapter 1. Introduction3

Chapter 2. The Underlying Principles Governing Copyright Legislation9

(i) Natural Law14

(ii) Just Reward for Labour14

(iii) Stimulus to Creativity15

(iv) Social Requirements16

Chapter 3. Origins of Copyright Law in Europe19

PART Ⅱ THE CONCEPT OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT--NATIONAL EXAMPLES25

Chapter 4. United Kingdom27

The Eighteenth Century Debate on the Nature of Copyright28

The Revision Act of 184233

The 1878 Royal Commission Report36

The Twentieth Century37

The 1911 Act38

1912-195539

The 1956 Act41

The Public Interest in the Debate for Reform and the 1988 Act42

The Whitford Committee42

The 1988 Act48

Post-1988 Act Developments: The Influence of the European Union50

The Pubhc Interest and Limitations on Copyright53

Term of Protection54

Statutory Defences Against Infringement56

Fair Dealing56

Recent Case Law on Fair Dealing60

Pubhc Interest Defence63

Other Statutory Defences67

Statutory Exemptions in Favour of Education and Libraries68

Special Regulations Concerning Libraries and Archives70

Conclusion70

Chapter 5. The United States of America75

Origins of the 1790 Act76

Legislative Developments between 1790 and 197681

1790-190981

The Long Road to Reform and the 1976 Act82

Post-1976 Act Developments87

The Berne Convention Implementation Act 198888

The Audio Home Recording Act 199289

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act 199490

The Digital Performance Rights in Sound Recordings Act 199590

The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 199892

The Fairness in Music Licensing Act 199893

The Digital Millenium Copyright Act 199894

The Public Interest and Limitations on Copyright99

Term of Protection99

Fair Use105

The Doctrine of Fair Use105

Major Developments in Fair Use Case Law Since the 1976 Act109

Statutory Exceptions to Protection115

The Underlying Philosophy in the US Law of Copyright119

Conclusion124

Chapter 6. France129

Origins of the Law129

The Revolution and the Decrees of 1791 and 1793135

The Performance Right136

The Reproduction Right138

The Development of the Law between 1793 and 1957140

Legislation141

Case Law143

Exceptions144

Moral Rights144

Proposals for Reform in the Nineteenth Century--Perpetual Rights versus the Public Interest145

The Evolution of French Concepts of Authors' Rights148

The Twentieth Century150

The Road to Refrom:The Draft Law of 1945150

The 1957 Law on Literary and Artistic Property151

The Public Interest in the Debate for Peform and the 1985 Law155

Statutory Exceptions to Protection159

Recent Developments161

Intellectual Property Code, 1992161

Subsequent Amendnxents to the Intellectual Property Code162

New Limitations on Rights165

The Short Quotation Exception166

The Public's Right to Information167

Couclusion169

Chapter 7. Germany179

Origins of the Law179

Legislative Developments: 1870--1901185

The Twentieth Century187

1901-1949187

1949-1965192

The 1965 Act196

The Public Interest and the Basic Law202

Subsequent Amendments to the 1965 Act210

The 1972 Amendment210

The Amendment Act 1985211

Follow-up to the 1985 Act214

The 1990s: hnplementation of the EU Directives on Copyright and Related Rights and Other Recent Developments217

Implementation of the EU Directives on Copyright and Related Rights217

Other Recent Developments222

Government Report to the Bundestag, July 2000222

Recent Case Law Relevant to the Public Interest224

Conclusion229

PART Ⅲ COPYRIGHT AND PUBLIC POLICY233

Chapter 8. Introduction235

Chapter 9. The Functions of Copyright Revisited243

Chafee's Six Ideals of Copyright244

The Moral Justifications for Copyright Revisited247

The Economic Justifications for Copyright Revisited249

Alternatives to Copyright256

The Need for International Protection263

Chapter 10. Limitations on Copyright265

Duration of Protection265

Exceptions to Protection276

Limited Freedom to Use Works277

Exceptions for Informational and Educational Purposes278

Rights of Quotation278

Use for Teaching Purposes278

Exceptions for the Benefit of the Media278

Reporting Current Events279

Limitations on the Rights of Reproduction279

The Three-Step Test of the Berne Convention279

Exceptions in National Laws283

Non-Voluntary Licensing Systems284

The Private Use Exception and Modern Technology287

The Exercise of Rights294

PART Ⅳ. THE FUTURE OF COPYRIGHT--OBSTACLES AND PERSPECTIVES301

Chapter 11. Introduction303

Chapter 12. The Impact of Digital Technology on Copyright305

Legal Frameworks Required for Protection305

The Solutions Found- the New Right of Access309

The WIPO Internet Treaties 1996309

Limitations and Exceptions under the WIPO Internet Treaties311

The US Approach321

The Promise of Technical Solutions324

Pitfalls for Technical Solutions325

The Need for a Global Approach326

Chapter 13. International Protection--Towards More Harmonisation of Copyright?327

Achieving the Ideal of International Protection327

The Obstacles to Universal Solutions-Copyright or Droit d'Auteur329

Standards of Protection329

Formalities330

Ownership and Assignability of Rights331

Moral Rights332

Related Rights333

The Converging Impact of International Harmonisation to Date335

The Converging Influence of the Berne Convention335

The Diverging Influence of the Rome Convention336

The Impact of the TRIPs Agreement338

The Influence of the WIPO Legislative Programme Pre-1996340

Draft Model Law on Copyright340

Proposed New Protocol to the Berne Convention342

Harmonisation Within the European Union343

Perspectives for the Harmonisation to Come348

Chapter 14. Conclusions353

Appendices369

The First National Copyright Laws369

Appendix 1. United Kingdom--The Statute of Anne 1709371

Appendix 2. USA--Copyright Act 1790377

Appendix 3. France--Deret des 13-19 janvier 1791 relatif aux spectades381

Appendix 3. France--Deret des 19-24juillet 1793381

Appendix 4. Germany--Preuβisches Gesetz zum Schutze des Eigenthums an Werken der Wissenschaft und Kunst gegen Nachdruck und Nachbildung vom 11. Juni 1837383

International Legislation397

Appendix 5. WIPO Copyright Treaty397

Appendix 6. WIPO Performance and Phongrams Treaty411

Appendix 7. Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the hannonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related night in the information sodety (May 22, 2001)431

Bibliography459

Index485