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SECTION Ⅰ.BASIC PRINCIPLES1

1．Fundamentals of the Nervous System1

General Plan of the Nervous System1

Peripheral Nervous System6

Structure, Function, and Dysfunction of the Nervous System6

References7

2．Elements of Nervous Tissue8

Cellular Aspects of Neural Development8

Neurons8

Neuronal Groupings and Connections12

Neuroglia13

Metabolic Features of the Brain17

References19

Membrane Potential20

3．Slgnaling in the Nervous System20

Generator Potential21

Action Potential22

The Nerve Cell Membrane Contains Ion Channels22

The Effects of Myelination23

Conduction of Action Potentials23

Clinical Illustration 3-126

Synapses27

Synaptic Transmission27

Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions28

Synaptic Plasticity and Long-term Potentiation29

Presynaptic Inhibition29

The Neuromuscular Junction and the End-plate Potential30

Neurotransmitters31

References34

Case 134

SECTIONⅡ.INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL THINKING35

4．Introduction to Clinical Thinking: The Relationship Between Neuroanatomy and Neurology35

Symptoms and Signs of Neurologic Diseases35

Where is the Lesion?38

What is the Lesion?39

The Role of Neuroimaging and Laboratory Investigations41

Clinical Illustration 4-142

Clinical Illustration 4-242

The Treatment of Patients With Neurologic Disease43

Clinical Illustration 4-343

References44

External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord45

Development of the Spinal Cord45

5．The Spinal Cord45

SECTIONⅢ. SPINAL CORD AND SPINE45

Spinal Roots and Nerves48

Internal Divisions of the Spinal Cord50

Pathways in White Matter52

Clinical Illustration 5-158

Reflexes58

Lesions in the Motor Pathways63

Examples of Specific Spinal Cord Disorders66

Case 267

Case 368

References68

6．The Spinal Cord in Situ Imaging69

Investing Membranes69

Clinical Illustration 6-170

Spinal Cord Circulation71

The Vertebral Column72

Lumbar Punctrue74

Imaging of the Spine and Spinal Cord76

Case 476

Case 577

References80

SECTIONⅣ. ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN81

7．The Brain Stem and Cerebelium81

Development of the Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves81

Organization of the Brain Stem81

Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brain Stem84

Medulla86

Pons89

Midbrain90

Vascularization91

Clinical Illustration 7-192

Clinical Illustration 7-293

Cerebellum94

Case 6100

Case 7100

References102

8．Cranial Nerves and Pathways103

Origin of Cranial Nerve Fibers103

Functional Components of the Cranial Nerves103

Anatomic Relationships of the Cranial Nerves106

Case 8121

Case 9122

References122

Thalamus123

9．Diencephalon123

Hypothalamus126

Subthalamus131

Epithalamus132

Circumventricular Organs133

Case 10133

References134

10．Cerebral Hemispheres/Teiencephaion135

Development135

Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres135

Microscopic Structure of the Cortex141

Physiology of Specialized Cortical Regions146

Basal Ganglia147

Internal Capsule150

Case 12151

Case 11151

References152

11．Ventricles and Coverings of the Brain153

Ventricular System153

Meninges and Spaces155

Cerebrospinal Fluid157

Barriers in the Nervous System158

Skull161

Case 13166

Case 14166

References167

12．Vascuiarization168

Arterial Supply of the Brain168

Venous Drainage172

Cerebrovascular Disorders175

Clinical Illustration 12-1180

Case 16186

Case 15186

References187

SECTIONⅤ. FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS189

13．Control of Movement189

Control of Movement189

Major Motor Systems189

Motor Disturbances195

Case 17200

Case 18200

References200

14．Somatosensory systems202

Sensation202

Pain204

References207

Case 19207

Case 20207

15．The Visual System208

The Eye208

Visual Pathways214

Clinical Illustration 15-1218

The Visual Cortex218

Case 21221

Referecces221

16．The Auditory System222

Anatomy and Function222

Auditory Pathways223

Case 22226

References226

Functions227

Vestibular Pathways227

17．The Vestibular System227

Anatomy227

Case 23229

References230

18．The Reticular Formation231

Anatomy231

Functions231

Case 24234

References235

19．The Limbic System236

The Limbic Lobe and Limbic System236

Olfactory System236

Clinical Illustration 19-1239

Hippocampal Formation239

Functions and Disorders245

Case 25246

References247

20．The Autonomic Nervous System248

Autonomic Outflow248

Autonomic Innervation of the Head254

Visceral Afferent Pathways255

Transmitter Substances256

Hierarchical Organization and Control of the Autonomic Nervous System259

Case 26263

References263

21．Higher Cortical Functions264

Frontal Lobe Functions264

Language and Speech264

Memory and Learning270

Cerebral Dominance270

Epilepsy271

Clinical Illustration 21-1273

Case 27275

Case 28275

References275

22．Aging, Degeneration, Regeneration, and Piasticity276

Neurobiology of Aging276

Dementia278

Neurotrophic Factors280

Degeneration and Regeneration282

Neurogenesis284

Clinical Illustration 22-1284

Neural Plasticity285

References286

Case 29286

SECTIONⅥ. DIAGNOSTIC AIDS287

23．Imaging of the Brain287

Skull X-rays287

Angiography287

Ultrasonography290

Computed Tomography290

Magnetic Resonance Imaging293

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy295

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging295

Functional Magnetic Resonance. Imaging295

Positron Emission Tomography296

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography297

References299

Electroencephalography300

24．Electrodiagnostic Tests300

Evoked Potentials301

Tanscranial Motor Cortical Stimulation303

Electromyography305

Nerve Conduction Studies307

References308

25．Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination309

Indications309

Contraindications309

Analysis of the CSF309

References310

SECTIONⅦ. DISCUSSION OF CASES311

26．Discussion of Cases311

The Location of Lesions311

The Nature of Lesions312

Cases313

References329

Appendix A: The Neuroiogic Examination331

Examining Children and Adults331

History331

The Physical Examination331

The Neurologic Examination332

Examining Neonates336

General Status336

The Neurologic Examination336

Appendix B: Testing Muscle Function338

Appendix C: Spinal Nerves and Piexuses355

Appendix D: Questions and Answers372

Index381