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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1

1.1 REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVE1

1.2 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING2

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS3

1.3.1 Metals3

1.3.2 Ceramics4

1.3.3 Polymers4

1.3.4 Composites4

1.4 MODERN MATERIALS NEEDS4

1.5 THE SELECTION OF MATERIAL5

1.5.1 Service Requirements5

1.5.2 Fabrication Requirements6

1.5.3 Economic Requirements6

1.5.4 The Materials that are Available to the Engineer8

CHAPTER 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING8

2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS9

2.2 ATOMIC NUMBERS AND ATOMIC MASSES10

2.2.1 Atomic Numbers10

2.2.2 Atomic Masses10

2.3 THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS11

2.3.1 The Hydrogen Atom11

2.3.2 Quantum Numbers of Election of Atoms13

2.3.3 Electronic Structure of Multi-electron Atoms15

2.3.4 Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactivity19

2.4 TYPES OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR BONDS20

2.4.1 Ionic Bonding21

2.4.2 Covalent Bonding26

2.4.3 Metallic Bonding29

2.4.4 Secondary Bonding32

2.4.5 Mixed Bonding32

CHAPTER 3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE35

3.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS35

3.1.1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells35

3.1.2 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattice35

3.1.3 Crystallographic Directions and Miller Indies37

3.2 PRINCIPAL METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURES45

3.2.1 Body-Centered Cubic(BCC) Crystal Structure46

3.2.2 Face-Centered Cubic(FCC) Crystal Structure49

3.2.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed(HCP) Crystal Structure50

3.2.4 Comparison of FCC,HCP,and BCC Crystal Structures52

3.2.5 Volume,Planar and Linear Density Unit-Cell Calculations54

3.2.6 Polymorphism or Allotropy57

CHAPTER 4 SOLIDIFICATION,CRYSTALLINE IMPERFECTIONS,AND DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS57

4.1 SOLIDIFICATION OF METALS59

4.1.1 The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals60

4.1.2 Homogeneous Nucleation60

4.1.3 Critical Radius vs. Undercooling62

4.1.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation62

4.2 GROWTH OF CRYSTALS63

4.2.1 Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Formation of a Grain Structure63

4.2.2 Solidification of Single Crystals64

4.2.3 Metallic Solid Solutions65

4.3 CRYSTALLINE IMPERFECTIONS69

4.3.1 Point Defects70

4.3.2 Line Defects(Dislocations)71

4.3.3 Planar Defects(Grain Boundaries)73

4.4 ATOMIC DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS74

4.4.1 Diffusion Mechanisms74

4.4.2 Steady-State Diffusion76

4.4.3 Non-Steady-State Diffusion78

4.4.4 Industrial Applications of Diffusion Processes80

4.4.5 Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in Solids82

CHAPTER 5 PHASE DIAGRAMS85

5.1 PHASE DIAGRAMS OF PURE SUBSTANCES85

5.2 GIBBS PHASE RULE86

5.3 BINARY ISOMORPHOUS ALLOY SYSTEMS87

5.4 THE LEVER RULE90

5.5 NONEQUILIBRIUM SOLIDIFICATION OF ALLOYS92

5.6 BINARY EUTECTIC ALLOY SYSTEMS94

5.7 BINARY PERITECTIC ALLOY SYSTEMS97

5.8 BINARY MONOTECTIC SYSTEMS101

5.9 INVARIANT REACTIONS102

5.10 PHASE DIAGRAMS WITH INTERMEDIATE PHASE AND COMPOUNDS103

5.10.1 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phase103

5.10.2 Intermediate Compounds105

5.11 TERNARY PHASE DIAGRAMS106

CHAPTER 6 IRON-IRON CARBIDE PHASE DIAGRAM AND MICROSTRUCTURE106

6.1 IRON-IRON CARBIDE PHASE DIAGRAM108

6.1.1 The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram108

6.1.2 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels110

6.2 MARTENSITE-TRANSFORMATION114

6.2.1 Martensite114

6.2.2 Microstructure of Fe-C Martensites115

6.2.3 Crystal Structure of Martensites116

6.2.4 Hardness and Strength of Fe-C Martensites117

6.3 ISOTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF AUSTENITE118

6.4 CONTINUOUS-COOLING TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM FOR A EUTECTOID PLAIN-CARBON STEEL121

6.5 MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN MARTENSITE UPON THERMAL PROCESSING124

6.5.1 The Tempering Process124

6.5.2 Effect of Tempering Temperature on Hardness of Plain-Carbon Steels125

6.6 FERROUS ALLOYS128

6.6.1 Steels129

6.6.2 Cast Irons136

6.7 NONFERROUS ALLOYS141

6.7.1 Copper and Its Alloys141

6.7.2 Aluminum and Its Alloys143

6.7.3 Magnesium and Its Alloys144

6.7.4 Titanium and Its Alloys146

6.7.5 The Refractory Metals146

6.7.6 The Superalloys147

6.7.7 The Noble Metals147

6.7.8 Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys147

CHAPTER 7 POLYMERIC MATERIALS149

7.1 BASIC CONCEPTS149

7.1.1 Polymer Molecules149

7.1.2 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules149

7.1.3 Molecular Weight152

7.1.4 Molecular Shape155

7.2 MOLECULAR CONFIGURATIONS156

7.2.1 Molecular Configurations156

7.2.2 Structure158

7.2.3 Copolymers159

7.3 POLYMER PROCESSING160

7.3.1 Addition Polymerization161

7.3.2 Condensation Polymerization162

7.4 POLYMER TYPES163

7.4.1 To Divide Class on Constitution of Chemical Main-Chains163

7.4.2 To Divide Class on Thermo-Behavior164

7.4.3 To Divide Class on Properties and Applications164

7.5 PHYSICAL NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS165

7.5.1 Three States of Polymers165

7.5.2 Basic Properties of Polymers169

CHAPTER 8 CERAMIC MATERIALS179

8.1 CERAMIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURES179

8.1.1 Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Ceramic Compounds179

8.1.2 Structures of Ionic Crystal179

8.1.3 Cesium Chloride(CsCl)Crystal Structure182

8.1.4 Sodium Chloride(NaCl)Crystal Structure183

8.1.5 Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal Lattices184

8.1.6 Zinc Blende(ZnS)Crystal Structure185

8.1.7 Calcium Fluoride(CaF2)Crystal Structure186

8.1.8 Antifluorite Crystal Structure186

8.1.9 Corundum(Al2O3)Crystal Structure186

8.1.10 Perovskite(CaTiO3)Crystal Structure187

8.1.11 Spinel(MgAl2O4)Crystal Structure187

8.1.12 Graphite187

8.2 SILICATE STRUCTURES188

8.2.1 Basic Structure Unit of the Silicate Structure188

8.2.2 Island,Chain,and Ring Structure of Silicate189

8.2.3 Sheet Structure of Silicates189

8.2.4 Silicate Networks190

8.3 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS191

8.3.1 Sintering191

8.3.2 Vitrification191

8.4 TRADITIONAL AND TECHNICAL CERAMICS192

8.4.1 Traditional Ceramic192

8.4.2 Technical Ceramics193

8.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MATERIALS194

8.5.1 Mechanisms for the Deformation of Ceramic Materials194

8.5.2 Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramics Materials195

8.5.3 Brittle Fracture of Ceramic196

8.6 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS198

8.7 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS198

8.7.1 Ceramic Insulator Materials199

8.7.2 Ceramic Materials for Capacitors200

8.7.3 Ceramic Semiconductor201

8.7.4 Ferroelectric Ceramics and Piezoelectric Ceramics201

CHAPTER 9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS201

9.1 STRESS AND STRAIN IN METALS205

9.1.1 Elastic and Plastic Deformation205

9.1.2 Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain205

9.1.3 Shear Stress and Shear Strain208

9.2 THE TENSILE TEST AND THE ENGINEERING STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM209

9.2.1 Mechanical Property Data Obtained from the Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram210

9.2.2 True Stress and Strain214

9.3 PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF METAL SINGLE CRYSTALS217

9.3.1 Slipbands and Slip Lines on the Surface of Metal Crystals217

9.3.2 Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by the Slip Mechanism218

9.3.3 Slip System220

9.3.4 Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal Single Crystals222

9.3.5 Twinning223

9.4 PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE METALS225

9.4.1 Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength of Metals225

9.4.2 Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on Increasing the Strength of Metals227

9.4.3 Solid-Solution Strengthening of Metals228

9.4.4 Recovery and Re-crystallization of Plastically Deformed Metals229

9.5 FRACTURE OF METALS234

9.5.1 Ductile Fracture234

9.5.2 Brittle Fracture235

9.5.3 Toughness and Impact Testing235

9.5.4 Fatigue of Metals237

9.6 CREEP AND CREEP TEST OF METALS239

9.6.1 Creep of Metals239

9.6.2 The Creep Test240

CHAPTER 10 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY10.1 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN METALS242

10.1.1 The Classical Model for Electrical Conduction in Metals242

10.1.2 Energy-Band Model for Electrical Conduction247

10.2 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS250

10.2.1 The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors250

10.2.2 Electrical Charge Transport in the Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon251

10.2.3 Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic Elemental Semiconductors252

10.2.4 Quantitative Relationships for Electrical Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic Semiconductors252

10.2.5 Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Semiconductors254

10.3 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS255

10.3.1 n-Type(Negative-Type)Extrinsic Semiconductors255

10.3.2 p-Type(Positive-Type)Extrinsic Semiconductors256

10.3.3 Doping of Extrinsic Silicon Semiconductor Material258

10.3.4 Effect of Doping on Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors258

10.4 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES262

10.4.1 pn Junction262

10.4.2 Some Application for pn Junction Diode265

10.5 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS267

10.5.1 Superconductivity267

10.5.2 Ferroelectricity271

10.5.3 Piezoelectricity272

CHAPTER 11 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS272

11.1 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS274

11.1.1 Basic Concepts274

11.1.2 Types of Magnetism277

11.1.3 Effect of Temperature on Ferromagnetism280

11.1.4 Ferromagnetic Domains281

11.1.5 The Magnetization and Demagnetization of a Ferromagnetic Metal286

11.2 MAGNETIC MATERIALS287

11.2.1 Soft Magnetic Materials287

11.2.2 Hard Magnetic Materials290

11.2.3 Rare-Earth Alloys290

11.2.4 Iron-Chromium-Cobalt Magnetic Alloys291

CHAPTER 12 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS291

12.1 BASIC CONCEPTS293

12.1.1 Light and Electromagnetic Wave293

12.1.2 Light Interactions with Solids295

12.1.3 Atomic and Electronic Interactions295

12.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS297

12.3 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS298

12.3.1 Refraction of Light298

12.3.2 Reflection of Light299

12.3.3 Absorption of Light300

12.3.4 Transmission of Light303

12.3.5 Color304

12.3.6 Opacity and Translucency in Insulations305

12.4 LASER AND APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA306

12.4.1 Luminescence306

12.4.2 Photoconductivity307

12.4.3 Lasers308

CHAPTER 13 CORROSION311

13.1 GENERAL311

13.1.1 Corrosion Phenomenon311

13.1.2 Corrosion of Metals and Nonmetallic Materials312

13.1.3 Cost of Corrosion in Industry313

13.1.4 Classification of Corrosion313

13.2 CORROSION MECHANISM FOR DRY CORROSION(OXIDATION OF METALS)314

13.3 WET CORROSION OR ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION316

13.3.1 Wet Corrosion Mechanism316

13.3.2 Electrochemical Corrosion of Materials317

13.3.3 Electrode Potentials318

13.3.4 Galvanic Cells320

13.3.5 Common Examples of Galvanic Corrosion Involving Dissimilar Materials321

13.4 POURBAIX DIAGRAM322

13.4.1 Pourbaix Diagram322

13.4.2 Meaning of Dashed Line(ab,cd) in Figure 13.19323

13.4.3 E/pH Diagram for Fe in Water323

13.5 CORROSION CONTROL324

CHAPTER 14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS327

14.1 INTRODUCTION327

14.1.1 Definition327

14.1.2 Classification and Scheme Phase327

14.1.3 Engineer Application328

14.2 FIBERS FOR REINFORCED-PLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS328

14.2.1 Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins329

14.2.2 Carbon Fibers for Reinforced Plastics330

14.2.3 Aramid Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Rosins331

14.2.4 Comparison of Mechanical Properties332

14.3 FIBER-REINFORCED-PLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS333

14.3.1 Matrix Materials for Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials333

14.3.2 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials334

14.3.3 Equations for Elastic Modulus of a Lamellar Continuous-Fiber-Plastic Matrix Composite337

14.4 CONCRETE340

14.4.1 Portland Cement341

14.4.2 Mixing Water for Concrete344

14.5 ASPHALT AND ASPHALT MIXES348

14.6 WOOD349

14.6.1 Softwoods and Hardwoods349

14.6.2 Microstructure of Wood351

14.6.3 Properties of Wood354

14.6.4 Sandwich Structures356

REFERENCES358