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Chapter One Course Overview1

1.Pragmatics—Studies of Language Comprehension and Application2

2.Pragmatics—Studies of Language Appropriateness and Tactfulness6

3.The Development of Pragmatics9

3.1 Micropragmatics and Macropragmatics10

3.2 Micropragmatics—the Dynamic Description of Language10

3.3 Macropragmatics—Pragmatics and Beyond11

4.Cross-cultural Pragmatics11

4.1 Pragmatic Studies of Speech Acts12

4.2 Studies of Socio-cultural Pragmatics12

4.3 Studies of Contrastive Pragmatics13

4.4 Pragmatic Studies of Interlanguage14

5.Interlanguage Pragmatics15

6.Societal Pragmatics16

7.Cognitive Pragmatics18

Chapter Two What Is Pragmatics?24

1.Origin of Pragmatics25

1.1 "Langue"and"Parole"26

1.2 "Competence"and"Performance"27

1.3 "Pragmatic Competence"and"Communicative Competence"28

2.Defining Pragmatics31

2.1 Semantics and Pragmatics31

2.2 Definition of Pragmatics34

2.3 Comparison between Semantics and Pragmatics35

3.Approaches to Pragmatics37

3.1 Formal Pragmatics37

3.2 Descriptive Pragmatics37

3.3 Applied Pragmatics39

4.The Scope of Study41

Chapter Three Deixis44

1.Deixis—a Component of Pragmatic Study44

2.Classification46

2.1 Person Deixis46

2.2 Place(or Spatial)Deixis47

2.3 Time(or Temporal)Deixis48

2.4 Discourse(or Textual)Deixis49

2.5 Social Deixis51

3.Deictic Center and Deictic Projection52

4.Different Uses of Deictic Expressions54

Chapter Four Conversational Implicature57

1.Meaning and Intention58

1.1 View of Meaning58

1.2 Analysis of Meaning and Intention59

2.The Notion of Conversational Implicature62

2.1 Cooperative Principle65

2.2 Conversational Maxims67

3.Generalized and Particularized Implicatures70

3.1 Generalized Implicatures70

3.2 Particularized Implicatures73

4.Special Features of Implicatures75

4.1 Cancellability75

4.2 Non-detachability77

4.3 Calculability78

4.4 Non-conventionality79

4.5 Indeterminacy79

Chapter Five Linguistic Politeness82

1.Politeness as a Linguistic Universal83

2.Face and Politeness83

3.The Politeness Principle86

4.Pragmatic Scales of Politeness88

5.Interaction between Politeness Principle and Cooperative Principle90

6.Social Variables Involved in Politeness Decision93

7.Social Constraint and Cross-culturally Different Strategies of Politeness96

Chapter Six Presupposition102

1.Philosophical Background104

1.1 Entailment vs.Presupposition105

1.2 Presupposition vs.Assertion105

1.3 Topic vs.Comment107

1.4 Notions of Presupposition107

2.Presupposition-triggers109

2.1 Verbs109

2.2 Iteratives and Adjuncts110

2.3 Phrases and Clauses110

3.Pragmatic Analysis of Presupposition110

3.1 Defeasibility in Discourse Contexts111

3.2 Projection for Presuppositions111

4.Pragmatic Properties of Presupposition113

4.1 Appropriateness(Felicity)113

4.2 Mutual Knowledge(or Common Ground)114

5.Presupposition—Another Kind of Pragmatic Inference115

Chapter Seven Performatives and Speech Acts118

1.Performatives119

1.1 Distinguishing Performative from Non-performative Verbs120

1.2 Explicit and Implicit Performative121

2.Speech Acts122

2.1 Locution,Illocution,and Perlocution123

2.2 Distinguishing Acts A,B and C125

3.Conditions for Illocutionary Acts128

3.1 Essential Conditions128

3.2 Propositional Content Conditions128

3.3 Preparatory Conditions129

3.4 Sincerity Conditions129

4.Classification of Illocutionary Acts130

4.1 Assertives130

4.2 Directives130

4.3 Commissives131

4.4 Expressives131

4.5 Declaratives131

5.Indirect Speech Act Theory132

5.1 Conventional Indirect Speech Acts134

5.2 Non-conventional Indirect Speech Acts136

Chapter Eight Hedging in Discourse141

1.Approximators144

2.Shields147

3.Summary of Hedge Types152

4.Applications153

Chapter Nine The Structure of Information155

1.The Notion of"Given"and"New"155

2."Given"and"New"at the Phonological Level156

3."Given"and"New"at the Lexical Level159

3.1 The Infinitive and the Gerund159

3.2 Pronouns and Other Pro-forms161

4."Given"and"New"at the Syntactic Level162

4.1 NOT...ANY and NO162

4.2 THAT in That-clause163

4.3 The Extraposition with IT164

4.4 The Introductory THERE165

5.What Remains to Be Studied167

Chapter Ten Pragmatic Vagueness169

PARTⅠ170

1.Defining Pragmatic Vagueness170

2.Notions of Pragmatic Vagueness171

3.Classification of Vagueness in Pragmatics173

3.1 Fuzzy Continuum173

3.2 Taxonomic Category174

3.3 Nomenclative Evaluation175

3.4 Hedging in Discourse178

4.Positive Significance of Pragmatic Vagueness179

5.Concluding Remarks181

PARTⅡ183

6.Literal and Loose Talk in Verbal Communication184

7.Pragmatic Vagueness in Verbal Communication190

7.1 The Speaker's Side:Literal Words for Fuzzy Thought190

7.2 The Hearer's Side:Vague Interpretation in Loose Talk191

7.3 The Hearer's Side:Literal Interpretation of Second-hand Knowledge192

7.4 The Speaker's Side:Approximation in Loose Talk193

7.5 The Hearer's Side:Non-assertion as Approximation195

Chapter Eleven Language Use and Social Culture198

1.Language in Use198

1.1 Language Use and Interpretation198

1.2 Language Tact and Appropriateness201

2.The Use of Language in Society203

2.1 Type 1:Newly Invented Words and Expressions204

2.2 Type 2:Four-character Phrases Invented with Sarcastic or Ironical Effects205

2.3 Type 3:Half-foreignized and Half-sinicized Expressions206

2.4 Vulgar Names,Strange Names207

2.5 Chinese-English Code-mixing Expressions207

2.6 Errors in Translation209

3.Language and Culture211

3.1 The Intercultural Use of Language211

3.2 The Use of Interlanguage213

Chapter Twelve Cultural Differences and Pragmatics in Translation217

1.Cultural Load of Language217

1.1 Cultural Differences in Pragmatics218

1.2 Interference of Cultural Differences219

1.3 Contrastive Cross-cultural Pragmatics220

2.Pragmatics in Translation222

2.1 Pragmalinguistics in Translation223

2.2 Sociopragmatics in Translation227

2.3 The Pragmatic Approach to Translation230

Appendix Ⅰ An Outline of Relevance Theory236

1.1 Coding and Inference in Communication236

1.2 Relevance and Inference in Communication240

1.3 Relevance Theory:Implications and Applications244

Appendix Ⅱ Recent Development of Pragmatic Studies in China250

2.1 Watching Closely the Development of Pragmatics Abroad251

2.2 Recent Development of Pragmatic Studies in China252

2.3 The Present Trend of Pragmatic Studies258

Bibliography265

Index275