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Part ⅠIntroduction1

Chapter 1Succinct Facts and Figures3

Chapter 2Definition of Gambling7

Chapter 3Categories of Gambling11

1.Lottery11

2.Betting13

3.Casino Gambling15

4.Other Forms of Land-Based Gambling16

5.Remote Gambling18

Chapter 4National Regulation of Cross-Border Gambling Services21

1.Restrictive Jurisdictions21

1.1.Situation in Canada22

1.2.Situation in the US22

1.3.Situation in Most European Union States23

1.4.Situation in Switzerland29

1.5.Situation in New Zealand30

1.6.Situation in Several Asian Jurisdictions31

2.Permissive Jurisdictions32

2.1.Permissive Jurisdictions in North America33

2.2.Permissive Jurisdictions in Europe33

2.3.Permissive Jurisdictions in Central America and the Caribbean Area34

2.4.Permissive Jurisdictions in Oceania35

2.5.Permissive Jurisdictions in Africa36

2.6.Permissive Jurisdictions in Asia36

Part ⅡGlobal Trade in Gambling Services39

Chapter 5Trade in Gambling Services in the GATS41

1.Introductory Elements41

2.Modes of Supply44

2.1.Mode 1： Cross-Border Gambling44

2.2.Mode 2： Tourist Gamblers45

2.3.Mode 3： Commercial Presence46

2.4.Mode 4： Movement of Natural Persons47

3.Market Access and National Treatment47

4.General Exceptions48

5.The US Gambling Case49

5.1.Overview of the Case and Main Arguments of the Parties49

5.1.1.Antigua’s Claims and the US Responses49

5.1.1.1.The Question of the US Commitments49

5.1.1.2.The Measure at Issue and the ‘Zero Quota’50

5.1.1.3.The Alleged Violation of Article ⅩⅥ51

5.1.1.4.The Alleged Violation of Article ⅩⅦ51

5.1.1.5.Exemptions under Article ⅩⅣ52

5.1.2.DSU Findings and Subsequent Procedures53

5.2.Issues Resolved by the Disputed Settlement Unit54

5.2.1.The Measure at Issue and the ‘Zero Quota’54

5.2.1.1.DSU Findings55

5.2.1.2.Critique60

5.2.1.2.1.Interpretation of Sub-paragraph （a） of GATS Article ⅩⅥ：260

5.2.1.2.2.A Non-discriminatory Zero-Quota Is Not a Quota under Article ⅩⅥ62

5.2.2.The Question of the US Commitments63

5.2.2.1.DSU Findings64

5.2.2.1.1.Interpretation through Article 31 of the Vienna Convention64

5.2.2.1.2.Article 32 of the Viennary Convention： Supplementary Means of Interpretation67

5.2.2.2.Critique68

5.2.2.2.1.The Nature of the Members’ Schedules of Commitments69

5.2.2.2.2.‘Context’ versus ‘Supplementary Means of Interpretation’70

5.2.2.2.3.The Question of the Prevailing Language72

5.2.2.2.4.The Utility of Comparing the US Schedule with Other Members’Schedules73

5.2.3.Article ⅩⅥ： Market Access74

5.2.3.1.DSU Findings75

5.2.3.1.1.The First Paragraph of Article ⅩⅥ75

5.2.3.1.2.The Second Paragraph of Article ⅩⅥ76

5.2.3.1.3.Application of the Legal Standard to the Facts of the Case：The Measure at Issue78

5.2.3.2.Critique82

5.2.3.2.1.Relationship between Article ⅩⅦ and Article ⅩⅥ： Market Access Restriction or Domestic Regulation？82

5.2.3.2.2.Relationship between Article ⅩⅥ And ⅩⅦ： Is There a Need to Schedule Non-discriminatory Market Access Barriers？85

5.2.4.Article ⅩⅣ： General Exceptions88

5.2.4.1.DSU Findings89

5.2.4.1.1.Provisional Justification under Article ⅩⅣ（a）90

5.2.4.1.2.Provisional Justification under Article ⅩⅣ（c）95

5.2.4.1.3.The Chapeau of Article ⅩⅣ96

5.2.4.2.Critique99

5.2.4.2.1.‘Public Morals’ Phraseology in International Treaties100

5.2.4.2.2.What Is ‘Public Morality’ in the WTO System？102

5.2.4.2.3.National ‘Public Morals’ Asserted by an International Tribunal： Challenges and Examples106

5.2.4.2.4.Remaining Question Marks on the Relationship ‘Gambling - Crime -Public Order’109

5.3.Unresolved Questions after US Gambling112

5.3.1.‘Technical Neutrality’， ‘Evolutionary Treaty Interpretation’ and ‘Fundamental Intentions of the Parties’113

5.3.1.1.‘The law stays as it was written； men，on the contrary， never rest’114

5.3.1.2.Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties by International Tribunals115

5.3.1.3.Reservations as to the Evolutionary Approach116

5.3.2.Likeness in the GATS： Is a Brick-and-Mortar Casino‘like’ an Internet Casino？119

5.3.2.1.Hypothesis 1： Assessing Likeness Is Crucial in Order to Assess National Treatment123

5.3.2.2.Hypothesis 2： Circumventing the Issue of Likeness and Focusing on Discrimination126

6.Alternative Approach to the US Gambling Case127

6.1.Brief Summary of Critiques to the US Gambling Reports127

6.2.Alternative Approaches to the US Gambling Dispute128

6.3.Closing Remarks130

7.Possible Future Developments131

8.Intermediary Conclusion132

Chapter 6 Trade in Services and the OECD133

1.Introductory Elements133

2.Services Liberalization under the OECD Instruments134

3.Market Access and National Treatment135

4.General Exceptions136

5.Gambling in the OECD Framework137

6.Intermediary Conclusion137

Part Ⅲ Regional Trade in Gambling Services139

Chapter 7 Trade in Gambling Services in the European Union141

1.Introduction to Services in the European Union142

1.1.The European Union： A Unique Legal Structure142

1.2.Services in the European Union144

1.2.1.Legal Basis145

1.2.2.Measures Restricting the Freedom to Provide Services： Justification and Proportionality147

2.Gambling as a Service within the European Union149

2.1.Gambling in the EU： Economic Context149

2.2.National Barriers to the Free Movement of Gambling Services150

2.3.Justifications for the Restrictions of Cross-Border Gambling Services152

2.4.Proportionality Requirements153

2.5.Taxation of Gambling Services in the European Union154

3.Position of the ECJ155

3.1.Pre-Gambelli Jurisprudence156

3.1.1.Schindler Case， 1994156

3.1.1.1.Facts156

3.1.1.2.Key Findings156

3.1.1.3.Analysis156

3.1.2.Laara Case， 1999157

3.1.2.1.Facts157

3.1.2.2.Key Findings157

3.1.2.3.Analysis157

3.1.3.Zenatti Case， 1999159

3.1.3.1.Facts159

3.1.3.2.Key Findings159

3.1.3.3.Analysis159

3.1.4.Anomar Case， 2003160

3.1.4.1.Facts160

3.1.4.2.Key Findings161

3.1.4.3.Analysis162

3.1.5.Lindman Case， 2003162

3.1.5.1.Facts162

3.1.5.2.Key Findings163

3.1.5.3.Analysis163

3.2.The Gambelli Case Law and Subsequent Jurisprudence163

3.2.1.Gambelli Case， 2003164

3.2.1.1.Facts164

3.2.1.2.Key Findings164

3.2.1.3.Analysis165

3.2.2.Placanica Case， 2007166

3.2.2.1.Facts166

3.2.2.2.Key Findings167

3.2.2.3.Analysis168

3.2.3.Unibet case， 2007169

3.2.3.1.Facts169

3.2.3.2.Findings and Analysis170

3.2.4.Commission v.Italy Case， 2007170

3.2.4.1.Facts170

3.2.4.2.Key Findings171

3.2.4.3.Analysis171

3.2.5.The Liga Portuguesa Case， 2009171

3.2.5.1.Facts172

3.2.5.2.Findings and Analysis173

3.3.Pending Cases before the ECJ175

3.3.1.Cases Concerning Austria175

3.3.2.Cases Concerning France175

3.3.3.Cases Concerning Germany176

3.3.4.Cases Concerning The Netherlands178

3.3.5.Cases Concerning Portugal179

3.3.6.Cases Concerning Sweden180

3.4.Gambling and the Free Movement of Goods in the ECJ Jurisprudence181

3.4.1.European Commission v.Greece Case， 2006181

3.4.1.1.Facts181

3.4.1.2.Key Findings182

3.4.1.3.Analysis182

4.The Approaches Taken by National Courts183

4.1.A Purely National Approach： Cross-Border Gambling Violates National Law183

4.1.1.Germany183

4.1.2.Italy184

4.1.3.Portugal184

4.2.Dissonant Interpretation of Articles 43 and 49 EC Treaty before the Gambelli Judgment184

4.2.1.Denmark185

4.2.2.France185

4.2.3.Germany185

4.2.4.Italy185

4.2.5.The Netherlands186

4.3.Discord Continues after Gambelli187

4.3.1.Belgium187

4.3.2.Finland187

4.3.3.Germany188

4.3.4.Italy189

4.3.5.The Netherlands190

4.3.6.Sweden191

4.4.An Improved Coordination after 2007？192

4.4.1.France192

4.4.2.Germany193

4.4.3.Italy194

4.4.4.The Netherlands194

4.5.Intermediary Conclusion194

5.Position of the European Commission195

5.1.Enforcing European Law with Regard to Gambling Services196

5.2.The Proposal of Directive to Create an Internal Market for Services198

5.2.1.The Initial Proposal199

5.2.2.Exclusion of Games of Chance During the Legislative Procedure202

6.Position of the European Parliament204

6.1.The Resolution on the White Paper on Sport204

6.2.The Integrity of Online Gambling Report205

7.Implications of a Single European Gambling Market206

7.1.Economic Consequences206

7.1.1.London Economics Report207

7.1.2.Europe Economics Report208

7.1.3.ISDC Gambling Services Report208

7.2.Social Consequences209

8.Intermediary Conclusion211

Chapter 8Trade in Gambling Services under EFTA213

1.Introductory Elements213

2.Gambling Services under EFTA214

3.The EFTA Court Jurisprudence Concerning Gambling214

3.1.EFTA Surveillance Authority v.Norway， 2007215

3.2.Ladbrokes Limited v.Norway， 2007215

4.Intermediary Conclusion216

Chapter 9 Trade in Gambling Services under NAFTA217

1.Introductory Elements217

2.Services under NAFTA218

3.Modes of Supply219

4.Market Access and National Treatment220

5.General Exceptions221

6.Case Law： The Thunderbird Gaming Award222

6.1.Facts of the Case223

6.2.Main Issues and Argumentation223

6.3.The Appeal against the Thunderbird Gaming Award225

7.Intermediary Conclusion226

Chapter 10 Trade in Gambling Services under DR-CAFTA227

1.Introductory Elements227

2.Modes of Supply228

3.Market Access and National Treatment228

4.General Exceptions229

5.Gambling Services in the DR-CAFTA Framework229

6.Intermediary Conclusion230

Chapter 11Trade in Gambling Services under MERCOSUR231

1.Introductory Elements231

2.Services in the MERCOSUR Framework232

3.Market Access and National Treatment232

4.General Exceptions233

5.Gambling in the MERCOSUR Framework233

6.Intermediary Conclusion234

Chapter 12Trade of Gambling Services under ASEAN FTA235

1.Introductory Elements235

2.Services in the ASEAN Framework236

3.Market Access and National Treatment236

4.General Exceptions237

5.Gambling Services under the ASEAN Framework237

6.Intermediary Conclusion238

Conclusion and Closing Remarks239

List of Cases243

General Bibliography247

Gambling-Related Bibliography257

Other Documents269

Index271