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Chapter 1. Criminology, Crime, and Criminal Law1

What Is Criminology?2

What Is Crime?2

Crime as a Moving Target2

Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms3

Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes4

Criminality5

The Legal Making of a Criminal6

What Constitutes a Crime?6

An Excursion Through the American Criminal Justice System7

A Short History of Criminology10

The Role of Theory in Criminology12

What Is Theory?13

How to Think About Theories14

Ideology in Criminological Theory14

Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy16

Summary17

Discussion Questions18

Useful Websites19

Chapter Terms19

Chapter 2. Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior21

Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior22

The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially22

Cleared Offenses25

Crime Trends26

Problems With the UCR28

NIBRS: The "New and Improved" UCR29

Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems30

Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS33

Self-Report Crime Surveys and Their Problems33

White-Collar Crime: The FBI's Financial Crimes Report35

The Dark Figure of Crime36

What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America?36

The FBI's Ten Most Wanted38

Summary39

Discussion Questions39

Useful Websites39

Chapter Terms40

Chapter 3. The Early Schools of Criminologyand Modern Counterparts41

Pre-Classical Notions of Crime and Criminals42

The Classical School42

Jeremy Bentham and Human Nature43

The Rise of Positivism44

Cartographic Criminology45

Biological Positivism: Cesare Lombroso and the Born Criminal45

Raffaele Garofalo: Natural Crime and Offender Peculiarities46

Enrico Ferri and Social Defense46

Neoclassicism: The Return of Choice and Deterrence47

Rational Choice Theory47

Evaluation of Neoclassical Theories50

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Classical and Neoclassical Theories51

What About Deterrence: Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime?52

Summary54

Discussion Questions54

Useful Websites55

Chapter Terms55

Chapter 4. Social Structural Theories57

The Social Structural Tradition58

The Chicago School of Ecology/Social Disorganization58

Evaluation of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization Theory61

The Anomie/Strain Tradition61

Robert Merton's Extension of Anomie Theory62

Institutional Anomie Theory63

Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory64

Subcultural Theories65

Walter Miller's Theory of Focal Concerns66

Evaluation of the Anomie/Strain and Subcultural Tradition67

Gangs Today68

Why Do Young People Join Gangs?69

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories70

Summary73

Discussion Questions74

Useful Websites74

Chapter Terms74

Chapter 5. Social Process Theories75

The Social Process Tradition76

Differential Association Theory76

Evaluation of Differential Association Theory77

Ronald Akers' Social Learning Theory79

Evaluation of Social Learning Theory80

Social Control Theory81

Travis Hirschi's Social Bond Theory81

Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory82

Integrating Social Control and Self-Control Theories84

Evaluation of Social Control and Self-Control Theories85

Labeling Theory: The Irony of Social Reaction85

Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory86

Evaluation of Labeling and Neutralization Theories87

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Process Theories87

Summary90

Discussion Questions90

Useful Websites91

Chapter Terms91

Chapter 6. Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist93

The Conflict Perspective of Society94

Karl Marx and Revolution94

Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist95

Modern Marxist Criminology95

Conflict Theory: Max Weber, Power and Conflict96

Peacemaking Criminology98

Evaluation of Critical Theories99

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Critical Theories100

Feminist Criminology100

The Concepts and Concerns of Feminist Criminology100

Women's Liberation and Crime102

Power-Control Theory103

Structured Action Theory: "Doing Gender"103

Other Explanations105

Anne Campbell's Staying Alive Hypothesis106

Evaluation of Feminist Theories107

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Feminist Theories108

Summary108

Discussion Questions109

Useful Websites110

Chapter Terms110

Chapter 7. Psychosocial Theories:Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior111

The "Two Great Pillars of Psychology"112

The IQ-Crime Connection113

Temperament and Personality114

Personality Traits Associated With Criminal Behavior116

Conscience and Arousal117

Cognitive Arousal119

Glen Walters' Lifestyle Theory120

The Antisocial Personalities121

Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective124

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories125

Summary125

Discussion Questions126

Useful Websites126

Chapter Terms127

Chapter 8. Biosocial Approaches129

The Biosocial Approach130

Behavior Genetics130

Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation131

Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior132

Molecular Genetics133

Evolutionary Psychology134

The Evolution of Criminal Traits135

The Neurosciences137

Softwiring the Brain by Experience137

Reward Dominance and Prefrontal Dysfunction Theories139

Some Other Biosocial Risk Factors140

Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective142

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories143

Summary144

Discussion Questions145

Useful Websites145

Chapter Terms146

Chapter 9. Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance147

The Developmental Perspective148

Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency150

Patterns of Serious Delinquency152

Major Developmental Theories154

Robert Agnew's General or "Super Traits" Theory154

David Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) Theory155

Terrie Moffitt's Dual Pathway Developmental Theory156

Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Developmental Theory157

Evaluation of Developmental Theories161

Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories162

Summary163

Discussion Questions163

Useful Websites164

Chapter Terms164

Chapter 10. Violent Crimes165

Violence in History166

Murder166

Legal Categories of Murder167

Mass and Spree Murder168

Serial Murder170

Forcible Rape175

Robbery177

Aggravated Assault179

Theories of Violence180

Violence and Inequality182

Summary182

Discussion Questions183

Useful Websites184

Chapter Terms184

Chapter 11. Terrorism185

What Is Terrorism?186

Is There a Difference Between Terrorists and Freedom Fighters?187

The Extent of Terrorism187

Terrorism and Common Crime188

Al-Qaeda190

Hizballah190

Domestic Terrorism191

Other Domestic Groups193

Is There a Terrorist Personality?195

Theories of Terrorism196

Suicide Bombers197

Law Enforcement Response and Government Policy197

Summary199

Discussion Questions200

Useful Websites200

Chapter Terms200

Chapter 12. Property Crime201

What Is a Property Offense?202

Larceny-Theft202

Burglary204

Burglars and Their Motives205

Choosing Burglary Targets206

Disposing of the Loot207

Motor Vehicle Theft207

Arson209

Crimes of Guile and Deceit: Embezzlement, Fraud,and Forgery/Counterfeiting210

Cybercrime: Oh What a Tangled World Wide Web We Weave212

Identity Theft212

Denial of Service Attack: Virtual Kidnapping and Extortion213

Who Are the Hackers?214

Software Piracy214

Summary215

Discussion Questions215

Useful Websites215

Chapter Terms216

Chapter 13. Public Order Crime217

What Are Public Order Crimes?218

Alcohol and Crime218

The Effects of Alcohol and Context on Behavior219

Drunk Driving220

Alcoholism: Type I and Type Ⅱ221

Illegal Drugs and Crime223

The Extent of the Illicit Drug Problem223

Drug Addiction223

Drug Classification225

The Drugs-Violence Link225

What Causes Drug Abuse?226

Does Drug Abuse Cause Crime?227

Prostitution and Commercialized Vice228

Becoming a Prostitute229

Should Prostitution Be Legalized/Decriminalized?230

Summary231

Discussion Questions232

Useful Websites232

Chapter Terms232

Chapter 14. White-Collar and Organized Crime233

The Concept of White-Collar Crime234

Occupational Crime234

Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different?235

Corporate Crime235

Theories About the Causes of Corporate Crime236

Law Enforcement Response to Corporate Crime238

Organized Crime239

What Is Organized Crime?239

The Origins of Organized Crime in the United States241

Other Organized Crime Groups243

Theories of Organized Crime246

Summary247

Discussion Questions248

Useful Websites248

Chapter Terms248

Chapter 15. Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization249

The Emergence of Victimology250

Who Gets Victimized?251

Victimization in the Workplace and School252

Child Molestation: Who Gets Victimized?253

Domestic Violence Victimization254

Victimization Theories256

Victim Precipitation Theory257

Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theory258

Is Victimology "Blaming the Victim"?260

The Consequences of Victimization260

Victimization and the Criminal Justice System263

Crime Victims' Bill of Rights263

Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs263

Summary264

Discussion Questions265

Useful Websites265

Chapter Terms265

Glossary267

References276

Photo Credits292

Index293

About the Author311