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Introduction. Welcome to Global Governance 2.01

The Argument in Brief2

The Book's Organization4

PART Ⅰ11

1 An Enormous Archipelago of Self-Contained Subjectivities11

Introduction11

A. Risk Societies, or How Uncertainty Paves the Path to Global Governance12

B. Subjectivation in Risk Society18

C. Governance in the Context of Extreme Uncertainty27

D. International Law Constitutes Global Subjects30

E. Fragmented Law Constitutes Fragmented Subjects36

F. Beyond Citizenship43

G. Defining Global Governance and Limiting the Scope47

H. Conclusion52

2 In Search of International Homo Economicus53

Introduction53

A. The Expansion of International Economic Law54

B. Risk Society and International Economic Law55

C. Subjectivation in International Economic Law60

1. The Genealogy of International Homo Economicus:The Uneasy Relation between Public International Law and Economics62

a. L＆E's Extreme Makeover One: Methodological Individualism and Rational Choice65

b. L＆E's Extreme Makeover Two: Law as a Means to an End70

D. Homo Economicus in Practice: The Case of International Investment Law76

1. The Architecture of Investment Arbitration as Global Governance78

2. Case 1: Indirect Expropriation as an Instance of Subjectivation in Investment Arbitration84

3. Case 2. Fair and Equitable Treatment as an Instance of Subjectivation in Investment Arbitration88

E. Conclusion92

3 Empty Souls: Subjectivation in International Human Rights Law93

Introduction93

A. The Expansion of Human Rights Law94

B. Risk Society and Human Rights Law96

C. The Individualism of Human Rights Law99

D. The Subjectivation Process in Human Rights Law,Phase One: Agency and Dignity105

1. Human Dignity and International Law106

2. Dignity and Subjectivation in Human Rights Law110

3. Institutions and the Paradox of Human Rights Instrumentalism113

E. The Subjectivation Process in Human Rights Law, Phase Two: Bureaucratization and Expertise as Technologies of Subjectivation116

1. The Deferral Move118

2. Bureaucratization of Human Rights Law119

F. Conclusion123

PART Ⅱ127

4 Communal Subjects: Subjectivation in Global Law127

Introduction127

A. Backlash! Global Constitutionalism and Global Administrative Law as a Reaction to Fragmentation128

1. A Matter of (Legal) Faith132

2. Risk Society and Global Transformation through Law136

3. A Hole in the Soul: The Need for Legitimacy138

B. Unintended Consequences: The Birth of the Communal Subject140

1. A Working Concept of Legitimacy142

2. "Legitimacy among Nations"143

3. Legitimacy through Subjectivation146

4. "Community" as a Requirement for Subjectivation147

5. The Communal Subject152

C. Diverging Notion of "Community" and Subjectivation154

1. Subjectivation in a Community of Institutions156

2. Subjectivation in a Community of Values157

3. Subjectivation in a Community of Interests158

4. What Community? Whose Subjectivation?160

D. Further Steps: Subjectivation through Participation in Global Governance161

Methodological Intermezzo: Participation as a Technology of Subjectivation in Global Law163

A. Sense and Methodology163

B. Unpacking Participation as an Analytical Unit166

C. Legitimacy as the Ultimate Justification of Participation169

D. End of the Intermezzo172

5 Participation and Subjectivation by Global Judicial Bodies173

Introduction173

A. Communal Subjectivation at the International Court of Justice175

B. Communal Subjectivation in Foreign Investment Arbitration176

1. NAFTA177

a. An Introduction to NAFTA177

b. Breaking the Ground with Methanex179

2. ICSID185

a. An Introduction to ICSID185

b. "Water, Water, Everywhere, and not a Drop to Drink"188

3. Subjectivation through Participation in Investment Arbitration Tribunals198

C. Communal Subjectivation in Dispute Settlement at the World Trade Organization200

1. An Introduction to Participation in Dispute Settlement at the World Trade Organization201

2. Communal Subjectivation and Participation at the WTO206

3. Privatizing the Community? Developing Countries and the Communal Subject210

4. Beyond procedure: The Community Argument and Substantive Reasoning at the WTO214

D. Conclusion218

6 Participation and Subjectivation by Global Non-Judicial Bodies220

Introduction220

A. Subjectivation and Participation before Intergovernmental Organizations: The NGO Experience222

1. The "Advisory Status" Model223

2. The "Observer" Model226

3. The "Consultation and Cooperation" Model231

4. Lessons from the International Organizations Experience234

B. Subjectivation and Participation before the European Union236

1. Individuals and Civil Society before EC Courts238

a. Action of Annulment239

b. Other Actions245

c. Non-Party Intervention247

2. Individuals and Civil Society before Non-Judicial Organs of the EU248

3. Do We Want the World to Become Europe? Participation and a Particular Kind of Subjectivation254

C. Subjectivation and Participation before Regulatory Networks256

1. An Introduction to Regulatory Networks257

2. Subjectivation and Participation at the International Competition Network262

a. An Introduction to the International Competition Network262

b. Lack of Subjectivation at the ICN263

3. Subjectivation and Participation at the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision264

a. An Introduction to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision265

Ⅰ. Closing the Gaps in Banking Supervision266

Ⅱ. Capital Adequacy267

b. Incipient Practices of Subjectivation at the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision269

4. Regulatory Networks as a Laboratory of Future Subjectivation Practices276

D. Conclusion277

7 Subjectivation and Expertise as a Technology of Global Governance279

Introduction279

A. Reconnecting Humanity with Global Governance280

1. Ethics and the Risk Society283

2. Subjectivation as Ethical Incoherence284

3. Subjectivation as Exclusion287

4. Reconnecting Humanity288

B. Agency in Subjectivation, Revisited290

1. Substantive Constitutionalism, Relabeled291

2. Beyond the Human Self293

C. How to Start Thinking about Expertise in Global Governance?297

1. Expertise as a Relation298

2. Systemic Agency302

3. Three Consequences303

D. Conclusion305

No Citizens here: By Way of Conclusion307

Bibliography311

Index335