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ALIEN TORTS AND EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION IN U.S.AND INTERNATIONAL LAW1

INTRODUCTION: THE ATS （ALSO KNOWN AS ATCA） AND THE TVPA8

1.OBSTACLES TO SUCCEEDING UNDER THE ATCA/TVPA10

1.1JURISDICTIONAL REQUIREMENTS10

1.2.EXIIAUSTION11

1.3.COMmy11

1.4.FORUM NON CONVENIENS12

1.5.Au T OF STATE DocTRINE13

1.6.POLTTICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE14

1.7.IMMUNIIY15

1.8.BURDENS OF PROOF18

2.FOUCAULT—A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO UNDERSTAND TORTURE19

3.THE USE OF TORTURE: A SHAMEFUL CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY21

3.1 TIIIORYOFTORITIRE23

3.2 FOUR REASONS WIIY TORTURE DISAPPEARED24

4.CONTEMPORARY EVENTS25

5.CONCLUSION28

CHAPTER TWO: PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF THE ALIEN TORTS STATUTE AND TORTURE VICTIMS' PROTECTION ACT29

INTRODUCTION29

1.SUBSTANTIVE CLAIMS31

1.1.ORDINARY TORT LIABILITY （ENTERPRISE LIABILFry）31

1.1.1.The Limits of the ATS and Private Claims under International Law36

1.1.2.Corporate Accountability:45

1.1.3.State Action/Color of Law:46

1.2.HELMS-BURTON51

2.UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION UNDER U.S.AND INTERNATIONAL LAW53

2.1.UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW53

2.1.1.Jurisdiction to Adjudicate, Prescribe and Fnforce53

2.1.2.Relative and Absolute Universal Jurisdiction55

2.1.3.The Character ofATS type cases58

2.1.4.Exhaustion64

2.1.5.Comity64

2.1.6.Forum non conventens65

2.1.7.“Act Of State Doctrine67

2.1.8.Immunitv70

2.1.9.Burdens Of Proof75

3.CONCLUSION76

CHAPTER THREE: ALVAREZ-MACHAIN V.UNITED STATES AND ALVAREZ-MACHAIN V.SOSA -THE BROODING OMNIPRESENCE OF NATURAL LAW77

1.INTRODUCTION77

1.1.THE ISSUES PRESENDTO THE SUPREME COURT IN SOSA79

1.2.THE UNSETTLED ISSU ES WHICH CAUSEDTHE SOSA COURT TO GRANT CETIORARI80

1.2.1.What substantive law is to be applied?81

1.2.2. Does the ATS Only Apply to Violations of Jus Cogens?81

2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS: THE ISSUES PRESENTED BY THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT81

2.1 “WHETTIER FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, AND AGENTS OF TIE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION IN PARTICULAR, HAVE AUTHORRRY TO ENFORCE A FEDERAL CRIMINAL STATUTE IIIAT APPLIES TOACTS PERPETRATED AGAINST A UNITED STATES OFFICIAL IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY BY ARRESTING AN INDICTED CRIMINAL SUSPECT ON PROBABLE CAUSE IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY.”81

2.1.1. Customary International Law Prohibits Abduction by one State of any Person in another State Absent Consent of that State83

2.1.2. Customary International Law Is Part of the Common Law: Thus, the Kidnapping Was Illegal under the Common Law84

2.1.3. The Government's Abduction, while Illegal under lnternational Law may have been legal under nationallaw if a statute had displaced the customary law. In all events, the Government's Abduction Convernment's Adbuction was Constitutional90

2.2. W HETUER TILE ALIEN TORT CLAIMS ACT CREATES A PRIVATE CAUSE OF ACTION FOR ALIENS FOR TORTS COMMITTED ANYWHERE IN VIOLATION OF TI IE LAW OF NATIONS OR TREATIES OF THE UNITED STATES OR, TREATIES OF THE UNTTED OR, INSTEAD IS A JURISDICTION-GRANTNG PROVISION IHAT DOES NOT ESTABLISH PRIVATE RIGHTS OF ACTION?92

2.3.1. Plain Meaning Argument -The ATS facially does not distinguish between jus cogens norms and other rules of international law101

2.3.2. Historical Argument -At the lime of drafting of the ATS international law did not distinguish between jus cogens norms and ordinary rules of international law101

2.3.3. Systemic Argument -The hermetic separation of the international legal system into a “public-stare” and“private-individual” sphere did not exist at the time of the drafting of the ATS, is increasingly ignored today and provides no argument that the ATS address only jus cogens violations102

2.3.4. Individual Rights tinder International Law103

2.4. WIB FIIER DR. ALVAREZ' ABDUCTION CONSTTTUTES A TORT IN VIOLATION OF TTB LAW OF NATIONS ACTIONABLE UNDER THE ATS106

3. THEORETICAL SYNTHESIS: THE NATURAL LAWIPOSITIVISM DICHOTOMY IN SOSA107

3.1. THE FALSE DICHOMY OF POSITIVISM AND NATURAL LAW108

3.1.1. Aristotle109

3.1.2. Hobbes111

3.2. TI IE IMPLICATIONS OF RI COGNIZING TIE FAIsr DICHOTOMY OF “NATURALISM V. POSTTIVISM”114

3.3. EXAMINING THE ATS IN LIGHT OF THE FALSE DICHOTOMY116

4. CONCLUSION:117

CHAPTER FOUR: THE RACKETEERING INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS ACT （RICO） AND EXTRATERRITORIALITY121

1. JURISDICTION124

2. STANDING129

3.28 U.S.C. 1962（c）131

3.1. Conduct of a RICO Enterprise131

3.2. Through a pattern132

3.3. Of racketeering activity （predicate acts）133

3.4. Commercial Nextts134

4.28 U.S.C. 1962（D）: CONSPIRACY LO COMMITA SUBSTANTIVE RICO oiwNSE134

CHAPTER FIVE: CORPORATE LIABILITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ATS136

1. INTRODUCTION136

2. CORPORATIONS ARE LIABLE FOR 1TBIR TORTS IN VIOLATION OF Tim ALIEN TORTSTAIUTE137

2.1. The plain language of the ATS, its history, current case-law, and international law all make clear that corporations are liable for their torts which violate the Alien Tort Statute137

2.2. Corporations are not exempt from ATS liability140

CHAPTER SIX: ALIEN TORTS BEFORE THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION149

INTRODUCTION149

1. THE COMMON LAW: TORT REMEDIES TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BRITAIN151

1.1. COMMON LAW DOCTRINES COMMON TO BOTH BRTTISH AND U.S.LAW IN TRANSNATIONAI.LAW152

1.1.1. Immunity152

1.1.2. Act ofstate doctrine152

1.1.3. Comity153

1.1.4. Forum non conveniens154

1.1.5. International Law and the Common Law154

1.2. EXTRATERRTTORIAL HUMAN RIGirrs PROTECTION IN DOMESTIC BRTTISH LAW:THE PINOCHET CASES155

1.3 SYNTHESIS162

1.3.1 Arguments for torts in the common law based on crimes in customary international law162

1.3.2 Human Rights Protection through the Ordinary Common Law Tort Regime165

2. TORT REMEDIES TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN CIVIL CODE COUNTRIES165

2.1. FRANCE165

2.1.1. Customary Law167

2.1.2. Statute Law168

2.1.3. Case Law171

2.2. B. BELGIUM176

2.2.1. The New Legislation176

2.2.2. The Action Civile in Belgium177

2.2.3. Case Law178

2.3. SENEGAL -TIIE HABRI CASES185

2.4. GERMANY187

2.4.1. German Statute Law188

2.4.2. German Case Law189

3. CONCLUSIONS: PRIVATE LAW PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS BEFORE THE E.U. MEMBER STATES195

CHAPTER SEVEN: ALIEN TORTS AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS197

INTRODUCTION197

1. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS （ECHR）197

1.1THE TERMS OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIHTS198

1.1.1. Article 1,FCHR198

1.1.2. Article 5-Right to liberty and security200

1.1.3. Article 3-Freedom from Torture201

1.1.4. Article 6-Right to a fair trial202

1.1.5. Article 13 - Right to an Effective Remedy202

1.2. CASTS LITIGATED UNDER THE CONVENTION204

1.2.1. Bankovic204

1.2.2. AI-Adsani206

1.2.3. Brumarescu and Loizidou Evtraterritoriality and Expropriation208

1.2.4. Tugar v. Italy209

2. CONCLUSION211

PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY214

INTERNATIONAL LAW214

INTERNATIONAL COURT OE JUSTICE CASTS214

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASES214

COMMON LAW215

UNIITD STATES215

UNITED KINGDOM216

EIRE217

CIVIL LAW218

FRANCE218

BELGIUM218

SENEGAI218

GI RMANY219

GREECE219

BOOKS AND LAW REVIEWS220

PARTIAL INDEX223