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PART Ⅰ: JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOURCES OF LAW3

1 /Judicial Organization3

A. France3

1. The French Constitution3

2. The French Judicial System5

a. Organization of French Courts other than Administrative Courts5

1） Courts of First Instance5

2） Appellate Courts6

3） The Court of Last Resort: Court of Cassation6

（a） History6

（b） Present Organization7

（c） Plenary Sessions7

（d） Decisions on the Merits8

（e） Advisory Jurisdiction9

（f） Deliberations.of the Court of Cassation9

（g） Cassation under the New Code of Civil Procedure9

b. Constitutional Court （Conseil Constitutionnel）10

c. Administrative Courts11

1） History11

2） Present Organization12

3） The Council of State Composition and Functions13

4） The Litigation Section14

d. The Court for the Resolution of Jurisdictional Conflicts （Tribunal des Conflits）15

3.Legislation15

a. Code of Judicial Organization [C.Org.jud.]15

b. New Code of Civil Procedure [N.C.pr.civ.]17

4. Cases and Notes: The French Courts in Operation17

a. Judgment of November 29, 1996 （The Chaumet Jewels）17

Appendix18

Note18

b. Judgment of May 21, 1990 （Case of Dominique N.）19

Notes27

c. Judgment of December 11, 1992 （In the Matter of Rene X.）28

Notes29

d. Judgment of May 4, 1994 （Farhat Saidi）32

Notes33

e. Judgment of November 15, 1993 （Mrs.Aylor）33

Notes35

B. Italy36

1. Italian Judicial System36

a. Ordinary Courts36

Court of Cassation36

b. Administrative Courts37

c. Constitutional Court38

d. The Constitutional Court and Community Law39

2. Legislation on Review of Constitutionality40

a. Constitutional Law of February 9, 194840

b. Law of March 11, 1953, N.8741

3. Cases and Notes42

a. Judgment of January 19, 1993 （In re Mujanovic and Hakimi）42

Notes46

b. Judgment of April 28, 1994 （In re Potenziani）47

Notes52

c. Judgment of January 29, 1996, No.15 （Samo Pahor）52

d. Judgment of January 23, 1974, No.13 （Regional Government of Bolzano）55

Note56

C. Germany56

1. Introduction56

2. German Court System57

a. Ordinary Courts57

b. Federal Constitutional Court59

3. Texts62

a. The Basic Law [ GG ]63

b. Law on the Federal Constitutional Court [BVerfGG]64

c. Law on the Organization of Courts Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz [GVG]67

d. Law for the Preservation of the Uniformity of the Adjudications of the Supreme Courts of the Federal Republic [RsprEinhG]68

4. Illustrative Cases69

a. Lost use-value Case69

Resolution of July 9, 1986 （Compensation for economic loss）69

b. Intervening Excessive Security Case74

Notes83

c. Resolution of April 27, 1993 （Delay in the Composition of Reasons）84

Notes87

d. Decision of March 3, 1991 （Equality of Sexes）88

Notes96

e. Legal Judge and Overstaffed Divisions of Courts97

f. Composition of the Bench and Art.101 I2 GG99

Notes102

D. Russian Federation103

Law of July 23, 1994 establishing the Constitutional Court103

Note115

E. Republic of Hungary115

1. Introduction115

2. Texts116

3. Illustrative Case116

F. United Kingdom117

1. Organization of the Courts117

a. House of Lords118

b. Court of Appeal118

c. High Court of Justice119

d. County Courts119

2. Case: Regina v.Secretary of State for Employment119

G. Brazil131

1. Introduction131

2. Direct Action for Declaration of Unconstitutionality of Normative Acts [ADIn]: Preliminary Notes133

3. Review of Constitutionality of Norms133

4. Cases and Notes135

a. Judgment of February 6, 1992 （ADIn 2） National Federation of Teaching Establishments v. President of the Republic135

Notes142

b. Judgment of February 19,1992 Party for the Brazilian Democratic Movement142

Note147

Sequels148

H. Spain149

1. The Spanish Judicial System149

2. Texts150

a. Constitution of December 27, 1978 of Spain150

b. Organic Law on the Constitutional Tribunal October 3, 1979, as amended152

Notes155

I. Chile157

1. Introduction157

2. Texts158

Political Constitution of Chile158

Note161

3. Cases162

a. In the Matter of Cortes Heyermann, M.162

Notes166

b. Sociedad Benefactora y Educacional Dignidad167

Notes174

2/Sources of Law177

A. Legislative and Executive Sources of Law177

B. Laws of Different Status178

C. Codes and Codification179

Notes182

3/Applicability of Foreign Law185

A. Germany185

1. Pledge under English Law: The Emerald Necklace Case185

Note: BGH, Judgment of May 9, 1996.190

2. Right to Indemnification for Reclaimed Stolen Property191

B. France195

1. Caselaw195

a. Societe Heinrich Otto v.Mme Guyon195

Note196

PART Ⅱ: CONSTITUTIONALIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRIVATE RIGHTS199

4/Dignity of Men and Women in the Workplace199

Introduction199

A. United States200

1. Legislation200

a. U.S.Constitution, Amendment ⅩⅣ （1865）200

b. 78 STAT.255 （Civil Rights Act of 1964） s.703200

c. 29 Code of Federal Regulations Ch.ⅩⅣ （Equal Employment Opportunity Commission）201

d. California, Fair Employment and Housing Act （Government Code 12940）203

2. Cases203

a. Harris v.Forklift Systems, Inc.114 S.Ct.367 （1993）203

Notes206

b. Collins v.Rizkana 652 N.E.2d 653209

B. European Union214

Commission Recommendation on the Protection of the dignity of women and men at work214

Notes226

C. United Kingdom227

1. Legislation227

a. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 （c65）227

2. Caselaw227

Wadman v.Carpenter Farrer Partnership227

Notes229

D. France232

1. Legislation232

a. Labor Code232

b. Criminal Code232

2. Caselaw233

a. Judgment of June 30, 1993233

Notes233

E. Germany234

Legislation234

a. Basic Law （amended 1994）234

b. Second Law for the Achievement of Equal Rights for Men and Women234

Notes236

F. Italy237

5/Privacy239

Introduction239

A. Germany241

1. Resolution of February 14, 1973 （Princess Soraya）241

Notes250

2. Resolution of February 24, 1971 （Mephisto）251

Notes （Luth）255

3. Resolution of March 9, 1988 （Publication of Incompetency because of Alcoholism）256

4. Notable German Cases on the Right of Personality258

B. United States262

1. Introduction262

2. Cases262

a. Diaz v.Oakland Tribune263

Note: Briscoe v.Reader’s Digest Ass’n271

b. Galella v. Jacqueline Onassis272

Notes277

C. Italy278

1. Caselaw278

a. Princess Soraya Esfandiari278

Notes: Austria Tabakwerke v.Veronesi283

D. France284

1. Legislation on the Right of Personality284

Code Civil, Art.9284

2. Cases284

a. Princess Caroline of Monaco284

Note285

b. Le Grand Secret285

Notes287

c. Societe de press “Jours de France” c.Farah Diba288

Notes290

d. Soc.Mail Newspaper PLC et al.c.Prince Karim Aga Khan et al.290

Notes292

E. Switzerland293

1. Legislation293

2. Case294

a. Association of Swiss Journalists v.Canton ofAargau.294

Notes296

PART Ⅲ: SECURITY FOR PERFORMANCE299

PART ⅢA: ATYPICAL TRANSACTIONS SECURING PERFORMANCE299

6/Standby Letters of Credit Guaranties on First Demand299

Introduction299

A. England301

1. Cases301

a. HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corp.v.Kloeckner ＆ Co. A.G.Queen’s Bench Division, 1989 [1990]2 QB 514； [1990] 2 WLR 634.301

Note309

b. United City Merchants v.Royal Bank of Canada House of Lords, 1982 [1982] 2 WLR 1039.310

Notes318

B.Germany318

1.Cases318

a. Interpretation of the Scope of the Undertaking.Judgment of April 26, 1994, BGH, 15 ZIP 857 （1994）, 48 WM 1063 （1994）.318

Notes: Guarantees on First Demand322

b. Pleading Required for Claim on Suretyship on First Demand. Judgment of October 28, 1993, BGH, 55 KTS 215 （1994）.323

c. Restitution of Payments Made by a Bank as Surety on First Demand.Judgment of March 9, 1989 BGH 42 NJW 1606 （1989）, 43 WM 709 （1989）.327

Notes330

d. Prerequisites of an Injunction against Payment Judgment of June 14, 1990 Hanseatic Court of Appeals, Bremen 44 WM 1369 （1990）.331

Notes334

C. United States334

1. Cases334

a. Rockwell International v.Citibank 719 F.2d 583.334

Notes341

b. Mellon Bank v.General Electric Credit 724 F.Supp.360342

Notes349

c. Matter of Compton Corp.831 F.2d 586351

d. In re Slamans 69 F.3d 468360

D. France366

1. Cases366

a. Banque francaise du commerce exterieur （BFCE） c.S.A. Rhone-Merieux Judgment of June 7, 1994366

b. Spouses Billet et al.c.Caisse Regionale de Credit Agricole du Gers Judgment of May 10, 1994367

Notes368

c. Societe de droit europeen Tengor Inc.et al.c.Societe Melair Prestige et al.Judgment of November 6, 1990369

d. Konutbank c.Banque Byblos-France Judgment of February 19, 1991373

Notes375

e. Rafidain Bank c.S.A.Credit Industriel et Commercial （C.I.C.） et autre Judgment of January 24, 1989376

Notes377

f. Societe Le Couviour internationale c.Banque Indosuez Judgment of February 19, 1991377

Note378

E. Switzerland379

C.R.v.L.SA Judgment of August 20, 1991 ATF 117 Ⅲ76379

Notes383

F. Italy384

1. Caselaw384

a. S.A.Unione di Banche Svizzere c.Maxfin spa e Banca d’Arnerica e d’Italia Judgment of October 6, 1989384

Notes386

Bibliography387

7/Security of Performance by Comfort Letters391

Introduction391

A. Germany391

1. Cases391

a. Judgment of January 30, 1992391

BGH, 53 KTS 275 （1992）； 13 ZIP 338 （1992）； 46 WM 501 （1992）.391

Note396

B. England396

1. Case396

a. Kleinwort Benson v.Malaysia Mining QB Court of Appeal （1989）, [1989] 1 WLR 379 = [ 1988] All ER 714.396

Note405

C. France405

1. Cases405

a.Court of Cassation （com.） Judgment of March 19, 1991, Compagnie generale de travaux et d’installations electriques c. Banque atlantique de Cote-d’lvoire, Judgment of March 19, 1991, Cass.com.1991 Bull.Civ.IV 77； D.53, 54 （1992）.405

Notes406

b.Compagnie generale de banque Citibank c.S.A.Le Credit d’equipement des petites et moyennes entreprises et autres Court of Cassation （com.） Judgment of October 23, 1990, 1990 Bull.civ.Ⅳ 256； =65 J.C.P.（ed.E.） Ⅱ 154 （1991）, （n.Larroumet） = 65 J.C.P. （ed.G.） Ⅱ21684 （1991）.407

Notes408

c. SNE Sitraco c.Societe Curtainwalls Unlimited Inc.Court of Cassation （com.） Judgment of March 19, 1991 D.Jur.54 （1992）409

Note410

d. Soc.anon.Viuda de Jose Tolra v.Societe regionale de developpnent du Languedoc-Rousillon （SODLER ） Court of Cassation （con.） Judgment of Dec.21, 1987, Rec.D/S Jur.112 （1989）； 62 J.C.P. Ⅱ2113 （1988） （with conclusions of avocat general Michel Montonier）.410

Notes412

D. Italy412

1. Caselaw412

a. Cassa di Risparmio v.Selle Aquila412

Note414

E. United States414

Note on Hester Int’l Corp.v.Fed.Rep.of Nigeria, 681 F.Supp.371 （N.D.Miss.1988）.414

F. Belgium415

Note415

G. Denmark415

Note415

H. Australia415

Notes415

I. Ivory Coast416

Bibliography416

PART Ⅲ/B: TYPICAL TRANSACTIONS SECURING PERFORMANCE419

8/Retained and Granted Security Interests419

A. General Survey Security Interests in Tangible and Intangible Movable Property （Chattels and Choses-in-action）419

B. Germany420

1. Introduction420

2. Cases422

a. Recognition of the enlarged and extended retention-of-title clause: Firm W.v.Bank for W.＆A., BGH, Judgment of February 16, 1957, 26 BGHZ 185 （1958）.422

Notes427

b. Invalidity of anticipatory blanket assignment for security of all future claims against subpurchasers under extended retention-of-title clauses, Judgment of March 9, 1977, BGH, 31 WM 480 （1977）432

Note435

c. True factoring and elongated reservation of title.435

U.GmbH v. G.KG Judgment of September 19, 1977, 69 BGHZ 254 （1978）435

Note439

C. United Kingdom439

1.Statutes:439

a. The Companies Act （1989）439

b. Law of Property Act （1925）441

c. Sale of Goods Act （1979）441

2. Cases442

a. Armour v.Thyssen Edelstahlwerke A.G.442

Notes448

b. E.Pfeiffer Weinkellerei-Weineinkauf GmbH ＆ Co.v Arbuthnot Factors Ltd.449

Note461

c. Re Curtain Dream plc462

Note477

D. France477

1. Introduction477

2. Statutes478

a. Bankruptcy Act478

Note480

b. Loi Dailly （1981） as amended480

Notes482

3. Document: Example of a Bordereau483

4. Cases485

a. Societe Radiola c.Societe Kerlann equipment Judgment of November 2, 1993.485

Note487

b. Etablissements Galle c.Msrs.Pavec et Philippot, as trustees in bankruptcy of the Societe des chargeurs agricoles Agroshipping, and another Judgment of January 9, 1990.488

c. Societe Pogic et autre c.Societe Astral Judgment of January 9, 1990.489

Notes490

d. Societe Soufflet et Cie c.Societe Lesieur et autres Judgment of January 9, 1990.491

Note492

e. Banque Nationale de Paris c.Societe Micro-informatique et de Telecommunications et autres Judgment of June 20, 1989.492

Note494

f. Societe Heinrich Otto c.Mme Guyon Judgment of January 8, 1991.494

Note494

E. Security Interests in Italy495

1. Introduction495

2. Statutes495

Notes497

F. United States: Security Interests in Personal Property498

1. Introduction Uniform Commercial Code498

2. Statutes: U.C.C.499

1-201499

9-102500

9-103501

9-109506

9-201507

9-203507

9-204508

9-301508

9-302509

9-303510

9-304510

9-306510

9-312511

9/Factoring513

Introduction513

A. France514

1. Cases514

a. Sofinter c.Latimier et M.Hadengue514

b. Societe francaise de Factoring International Factors France c. Societe Polysius Polygon515

c. Societe Francaise de Factoring International Factors France （SFF） c.Societe des Transports Debeaux516

B. Italy517

1. Statutes517

PART Ⅳ: ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN MOVABLES OTHER THAN BY TRANSFER FROM THE OWNER: BONA FIDE PURCHASE AND ACQUISITIVE PRESCRIPTION521

10/Protection of Bona Fide Purchasers of Tangible Movable Property521

Introduction521

A. England and Wales523

1. Statutes523

a. Factors Act 1889523

b. Sale of Goods Act 1979524

Notes525

2. Cases525

a. Pacic Motors525

Notes530

b. National Employers’ Mutual Insurance, Ltd.v.Jones531

Notes538

B. France539

1. Statutes539

2. Cases540

a. Etablissements Galle c.Msrs.Pavec et Philippot540

Notes540

b. Compagnie d’assurance Groupe Drouot c.M.Ottiger et al.542

Notes543

c.Ste Blue Bay Steamship c.Galerie Schmit544

C. Germany545

1. Statutes545

2. Case546

a. Firm M.Z.GmbH v.Land Schleswig-Holstein546

D. Italy546

1. Statutes546

2. Cases547

a. The French State v.Minister for Cultural Property547

Notes550

E. Switzerland550

1. Statutes550

F. United States551

1. Statutes551

U.C.C.551

California Civil Code553

11 /Bona Fide Acquisition of Ownership in Intangible Moveable Property555

A. United Kingdom555

1. Statutes555

2. Case: E.Pfeiffer555

Notes555

B. France556

1. Statutes556

Code Civil556

Loi Dailly556

Notes556

C. Germany556

1. Statutes556

D. California557

1. Statutes557

2. Notes557

E. Italy557

12/Title by Adverse Possession； Effect of Prescription559

A. United Kingdom559

1. Statutes: Limitation Act 1980559

Notes560

B. France561

1. Statutes: Civil Code561

2. Cases561

a. De Miramon Fitz James c.S.C.P.Daussy-Ricqles561

Notes563

b. Mr.Sebastien c.Mrs.Slornovic564

C. Germany566

1. Statutes: Civil Code566

Note566

D. Italy566

1. Statutes: Civil Code566

Note567

E. United States567

1. Cases567

a. DeWeerth v.Baldinger567

Note578

b. Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church v. Goldberg579

Note592

13/Title by Discovery593

A. Germany593

1. Ownership of Treasure Trove593

Case: The Luibeck Coins593

Table of Cases601

Table of Statutes609

Index617