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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER1

1.1 Computer Literacy1

CONTENTS1

1.2　What is a computer and what does it do2

1.3　The components of a computer2

1.3.1 Input Devices3

1.3.2 Output Devices3

1.3.3 System Unit3

1.3.4 Storage Devices4

1.4.2 Reliability5

1.4.3 Accuracy5

1.4 Why is a computer a powerful tool5

1.4.1 Speed5

1.3.5 Communications Devices5

1.4.4 Storage6

1.4.5 Communications6

1.5 Computer Software6

1.5.1 System Software7

1.5.2 Application Software7

1.6 Networks and The Internet8

The Characteristics of Science and Technology English15

Reading Materials Categories of Computers Examples of Computer Usage18

SUMMARY20

CHAPTER 2 THE COMPONENTS IN THE SYSTEM UNIT21

2.1 The System Unit21

2.2 Central Processing Unit22

2.2.1 The Control Unit22

2.2.2 Arithmetic/Logic Unit22

2.2.3 Registers22

2.3 Microprocessors22

2.3.1 Microprocessor Comparison22

2.4.2 EBCDIC23

2.4.1 ASCII23

2.4 Data Representation23

2.3.3 Coprocessors23

2.3.2 Parallel Processing23

2.4.3 Unicode24

2.5 Different Types of Memory24

2.5.1 RAM25

2.5.2 ROM25

2.5.3 Flash Memory25

2.5.4 CMOS26

2.5.5 Memory Access Times26

2.6 Expansion Slots and Expansion Boards26

The Quality Criteria and Basic Method of Science and Technology English Translation32

Reading Materials How is a serial port different from a parallel port35

SUMMARY36

CHAPTER 3 INPUT37

3.1 What is input37

3.2 What are input devices38

3.3 The Keyboard38

3.4 Pointing Devices40

3.4.1 Mouse40

3.4.2 Trackball41

3.4.5 Joystick42

3.4.6 Touch Screen42

3.4.4 Stick42

3.4.3 Touchpad42

3.4.7 Pen Input43

3.4.8 Light Pen43

3.4.9 Pen Computing43

3.4.10 Graphics Tablet43

3.5 Scanners and Reading Devices43

3.5.1 Optical Scanner44

3.5.2 Optical Readers45

Word Building of Professional Computer English51

Reading Materials Audio and Video Input54

SUMMARY57

4.1 What is output58

CHAPTER 4 OUTPUT58

4.2 What are output devices59

4.3 Display Devices59

4.3.1 CRT Monitors59

4.3.2 Plat-Panel Displays61

4.3.3 Monitor Quality62

4.3.4 Video Cards63

4.4 Printers64

4.4.1 Impact Printers64

4.4.2 Nonimpact Printer66

Several Relations and the phenomenon of word addition in Science and Technology English Translation76

Reading Materials Audio Output,Terminals and Other Output Devices79

SUMMARY82

CHAPTER 5 STORAGE83

5.1 Memory83

5.2 Storage83

5.3 Floppy Disks85

5.4 Hard Disks88

The Translation Method of Passive Voice95

Reading Materials Compact Discs,Tapes,PC Cards and Other Types of Storage97

SUMMARY102

6.2 How is communications used103

CHAPTER 6 COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS103

6.1 Communications103

6.3 Communications Channel104

6.4 Physical Transmission Media104

6.4.1 Twisted-Pair Cable104

6.4.2 Coaxial Cable105

6.4.3 Fiber-Optic Cable105

6.5 Wireless Transmission Media105

6.5.1 Broadcast radio106

6.5.2 Microwaves107

6.5.3 Communications Satellite107

6.6.1 Signal Type:Analog or Digital108

6.6.2 Broadband vs.Baseband108

6.5.4 Infrared108

6.6 Transmission Characteristics108

6.6.3 Transmission Modes:Asvnchronous and Synchronous109

6.6.4 Transmission Direction:Simplex,Half-Duplex,andFull-Duplex109

6.6.5 Transfer Rates110

6.7 The Telephone Network110

6.7.1 Dial-up Lines111

6.7.2 Dedicated Line111

6.8 Communications Software113

6.9.3 Network Topologies114

6.9.2 Wide Area Network(WAN)114

6.9 Networks114

6.9.1 Local Area Network(LAN)114

6.9.4 Protocol115

6.9.5 Intranets115

6.9.6 Extranets115

Common Terminologies for Networks121

Reading Materials Communications Devices126

SUMMARY130

CHAPTER 7 OPERATING SYSTEM131

7.1 System Software and Operating System131

7.2 User Interfaces132

7.3 Features of Operating Systems133

7.4 Functions of an Operating System134

The Translation Method of Adjective Clause142

Reading Materials Popular Operating Systems145

SUMMARY151

CHAPTER 8 DATABASE152

8.1 Data and Information152

8.1.1 Data Integrity152

8.2 File Processing Versus Databases153

8.2.1 File Processing Systems153

8.1.2 Data Security153

8.2.2 The Database Approach154

8.3 Database Management Systems156

8.3.1 Data Dictionary156

8.3.2 Data Maintenance and Retrieval157

8.3.3 Data Security158

8.3.4 Backup and Recovery158

The Translation Method of Adverbial Clause164

Reading Materials Relational Databases,Object-Oriented Databases,and Database Administration167

SUMMARY171

9.1 Application Software172

CHAPTER 9 CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES172

9.1.1 The Role of the Operating System173

9.1.2 The Role of the User Interface173

9.2 Productivity Software174

9.2.1 Word Processing Software174

9.2.2 Spreadsheet Software174

9.2.3 Database Software175

9.2.4 Presentation Graphics Software176

9.2.5 Personal Information Managers176

9.2.7 Project Management Software177

9.2.8 Accounting Software177

9.2.6 Software Suite177

9.3 Graphics and Multimedia Software178

9.3.1 Computer-Aided Design178

9.3.2 Desktop Publishing Software(Professional)178

9.3.3 Paint/Image Editing Software(Professional)179

9.3.4 Video and Audio Editing Software179

9.3.5 Multimedia Authoring Software179

9.3.6 Web Page Authoring180

9.4 Software for Communications180

9.4.1 Groupware180

9.4.2 Electronic Mail Software180

9.5 Programming Languages and Program Development Tools181

9.4.3 Web Browsers181

9.5.1 Machine Languages182

9.5.2 Assembly Languages182

9.5.3 Third-Generation Languages183

9.5.4 Fourth-Generation Languages184

9.5.5 Natural Languages184

9.5.6 Object-Oriented Program Development185

Introduction to Science and Technology Paper-writing in English192

Reading Materials Popular Programming Languages and Web Page Program Development195

SUMMARY200

10.1 Computers at Home201

CHAPTER 10 COMPUTERS IN EVERYDAY LIFE201

10.2 Computers for Education202

10.3 Digital Divide204

10.4 Computers for Entertainment205

10.5 Computers for E-Commerce205

10.6 Computers for Finance206

10.7 Computers for Government207

10.8 Computers for Health Care207

10.9 Computers for Science208

10.10 Computers for Publishing209

10.11 Computers for Travel209

Introduction to Writing Resume and Position-Applying Letters217

Reading Materials Emerging Technologies219

SUMMARY222

第1章 计算机引论223

1.1 计算机文化223

1.2　什么是计算机，计算机能干什么223

1.3　计算机的部件224

1.3.1　输入设备224

1.3.2　输出设备224

1.3.3 系统单元224

1.3.4　存储器设备224

1.4.3　精确性225

1.4.2　可靠性225

1.3.5　通信设备225

1.4　为什么说计算机是一种强大的工具225

1.4.1 速度225

1.4.4　外部存储器226

1.4.5　通信226

1.5　计算机软件226

1.5.1　系统软件226

1.5.2 应用软件227

1.6　网络和因特网227

2.2.2　算术逻辑部件229

2.3.1　微处理器比较229

2.3　微处理器229

2.2.3　寄存器229

2.1 系统单元229

2.2.1　控制器229

2.2　中央处理器229

第2章　系统单元部件229

2.5　存储器类型230

2.4.3　Unicode230

2.4.1　ASCII230

2.4.2　EBCDIC230

2.4　数据表示230

2.3.3　协处理器230

2.3.2　并行处理230

2.5.1 RAM231

2.5.2 ROM231

2.5.3　闪存231

2.5.4 CMOS231

2.5.5　存储器的存取时间231

2.6　扩展槽和扩充卡231

3.3　键盘232

3.2　什么是输入设备232

3.1　什么是输入232

第3章　输入232

3.4　定位设备234

3.4.1 鼠标234

3.4.2　轨迹球235

3.4.3　触摸板235

3.4.4　定位棒235

3.4.5　游戏杆235

3.4.6　触摸屏235

3.4.7　输入笔235

3.5.1　光学扫描仪236

3.5　扫描仪和读入设备236

3.4.9　笔式计算236

3.4.8　光笔236

3.4.10　绘图板236

3.5.2 学阅读器237

第4章　输出239

4.1　什么是输出239

4.2　什么是输出设备239

4.3　显示设备240

4.3.1 CRT显示器240

4.3.2　平板显示仪240

4.3.3　显示器质量241

4.4　打印机242

4.3.4　视频卡242

4.4.1　击打式打印机243

4.4.2　非击打式打印机243

第5章　存储器246

5.1 内存246

5.2　存储器246

5.3　软盘247

5.4　硬盘249

6.4　物理传输介质251

6.3　信道251

6.2　如何使用通信251

第6章　通信和网络251

6.1　通信251

6.4.1　双绞线252

6.4.2 同轴电缆252

6.4.3　光缆252

6.5　无线传输介质252

6.5.1　广播无线电252

6.5.2　微波253

6.6.1　信号类型：模拟还是数字254

6.6.2　宽带与基带254

6.5.4 红外线254

6.6 传输特性254

6.5.3　通信卫星254

6.6.3　传输模式：异步和同步255

6.6.4　传输方向：单工、半双工和全双工255

6.6.5　传输率255

6.7　电话网络256

6.7.1 拨号线路256

6.7.2　专线256

6.9.1　局域网（LAN）258

6.9.2　广域网（WAN）258

6.8　通信软件258

6.9 网络258

6.9.3　网络拓扑结构259

6.9.4　协议259

6.9.5　企业内部互联网259

6.9.6　企业外部互联网259

第7章　操作系统260

7.1　系统软件与操作系统260

7.2　用户界面260

7.3　操作系统的特点261

7.4　操作系统的功能261

8.1.1　数据完整性264

8.1.2　数据安全性264

第8章　数据库264

8.1　数据和信息264

8.2　文件处理与数据库对比265

8.2.1　文件处理系统265

8.2.2　数据库方法265

8.3　数据库管理系统266

8.3.1　数据字典266

8.3.2　数据维护和检索267

8.3.3　数据安全267

8.3.4　备份和恢复268

9.1.1　操作系统的角色269

第9章　软件分类和程序设计语言269

9.1　应用软件269

9.1.2　用户界面的角色270

9.2　高效软件270

9.2.1　字处理软件270

9.2.2　电子表格270

9.2.3　数据库软件270

9.2.4　演示图形软件271

9.2.7　项目管理软件272

9.3　图形和多媒体软件272

9.2.8　财务软件272

9.2.6　套装软件272

9.2.5　个人数字助理272

9.3.1　计算机辅助设计273

9.3.2　桌面出版软件（专业级）273

9.3.3 图形／图像编辑软件（专业级）273

9.3.4　视频和音频编辑软件273

9.3.5　多媒体开发软件274

9.3.6　网页开发274

9.4　通信软件274

9.4.1　群件274

9.4.2　电子邮件软件274

9.5.2　汇编语言275

9.5.1　机器语言275

9.4.3 网页浏览器275

9.5　程序设计语言和程序开发工具275

9.5.3　第三代语言276

9.5.4　第四代语言276

9.5.5 自然语言277

9.5.6　面向对象的程序开发277

第10章 日常生活中的计算机279

10.1　计算机在家庭279

10.2　计算机用于教育280

10.4　计算机与娱乐281

10.3　数字鸿沟281

10.5　计算机与电子商务（E-commerce）282

10.6　计算机用于金融282

10.7　计算机用于行政事业283

10.8　计算机用于医疗卫生283

10.9　计算机与科学284

10.10　计算机与出版284

10.11 计算机与旅游284

答案286

参考文献290