人体肿瘤超微结构在其诊断及研究中的应用 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

人体肿瘤超微结构在其诊断及研究中的应用 英文PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 Introduction1.1 Introductory Remarks1

1.2 Electron Microscopy Applied to Tumours1

1.3 Impact and Limitations of Immunohistochemistry3

1.4 Value of Electron Microscopy in Addition to Diagnosis3

1.5 Intellectual Basis for Tumour Diagnosis by Electron Microscopy4

1.6 Technique4

1.6.1 Tissue Handling and Reagent Preparation4

1.6.2 Electron Microscopy Procedure5

1.6.3 Dewaxing for Electron Microscopy6

1.7 Assessing the Quality of Preservation in Semi-thin Sections7

1.8 Distinguishing Reactive from Neoplastic Cells10

1.8.1 Vessels10

1.8.2 Myofibroblasts13

1.8.3 Striated Muscle Cells14

References15

2 Epithelial Tumours17

2.1 Introductory Remarks17

2.2 The Core Features of Epithelial Differentiation17

2.3 The Keratinocyte as the Archetypal Cell for Assessing Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Differentiation in Tumours18

2.4 Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Carcinoma18

2.4.1 Conventional Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Carcinoma21

2.4.2 Variants of Basal-Cell Carcinoma21

2.4.3 Poorly Differentiated Squamous-Cell Carcinoma， Variants of Squamous-Cell Carcinoma，and Related Tumours Showing Squamous Differentiation21

2.5 Ultrastructural Features of Glandular Differentiation30

2.5.1 Ultrastructural Architecture of the Normal Gland30

2.5.2 Secretory Materials of Epithelial Origin35

2.6 The Ultrastructure of Adenocarcinoma43

2.6.1 General Ultrastructural Properties of Adenocarcinoma43

2.6.2 Additional Features of Diagnostic or Biological Interest in Selected Examples of Adenocarcinoma and Carcinomas Showing Glandular Epithelial Differentiation46

2.7 Tumours Showing Distinctive Specialised Forms of Epithelial Differentiation60

2.7.1 Mesothelioma60

2.7.2 Adrenocortical Tumours70

2.7.3 Oncocytoma71

2.7.4 Myoepithelial Cell Differentiation in Tumours78

2.7.5 Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Carcinoma79

References90

3 Melanocytic Lesions with Special Reference to Malignant Melanoma105

3.1 Introductory Remarks105

3.2 The Normal Melanocyte106

3.3 The Ultrastructure of Malignant Melanoma106

3.3.1 The Melanosome108

3.3.2 Ultrastructural Features of Malignant Melanoma in Addition to Melanosomes121

3.3.3 The Ultrastructure of Malignant Melanoma Variants122

3.3.4 Tumours other than Malignant Melanoma Showing Melanocytic Differentiation158

References167

4 Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone， and Other Mesenchymal Tumours177

4.1 Introductory Remarks177

4.2 Fibroblastic and Myofibroblastic Tumours177

4.2.1 The Normal Fibroblast and the Reactive Myofibroblast178

4.2.2 Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions Showing Fibroblastic Differentiation184

4.2.3 Myofibroblastic Differentiation in Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions207

4.3 Fibrohistiocytic Tumours224

4.3.1 Giant-Cell Tumours225

4.3.2 The Benign Fibrous Histiocytomas225

4.3.3 Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour225

4.3.4 The So-Called Malignant Fibrous Histiocytomas225

4.3.5 Atypical Fibroxanthoma235

4.4 Smooth-Muscle Tumours and Pericytic Tumours243

4.4.1 The Normal Smooth-Muscle Cell243

4.4.2 Leiomyoma - Glomus Tumour243

4.4.3 Myopericytoma/Haemangiopericytoma244

4.4.4 Leiomyosarcoma244

4.5 Tumours Showing Striated-Muscle Differentiation256

4.5.1 The Normal Striated-Muscle Cell256

4.5.2 Rhabdomyoma256

4.5.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma256

4.5.4 Rhabdomyoblasts in Tumours other than Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma257

4.6 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours267

4.6.1 The Interstitial Cell of Cajal267

4.6.2 The Ultrastructure of GIST268

4.7 Vascular Tumours286

4.7.1 The Normal Vessel286

4.7.2 Benign Vascular Lesions287

4.7.3 Conventional Angiosarcoma287

4.7.4 Epithelioid Angiosarcoma287

4.7.5 Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma291

4.7.6 Kaposi’s Sarcoma291

4.8 Adipocytic Tumours300

4.8.1 The Normal Adipocyte300

4.8.2 Benign Adipocytic Tumours301

4.8.3 Liposarcoma301

4.9 Tumours Showing Cartilaginous， Osteogenic and Notochordal Differentiation309

4.9.1 Normal Cells of Cartilage and Bone309

4.9.2 Benign Chondroblastic Lesions310

4.9.3 Chondrosarcoma and Other Cartilaginous Tumours310

4.9.4 Notochordal Tumours311

4.9.5 Osteosarcoma and Other Osteogenic Tumours319

4.10 Tumours Showing Complex or Uncertain Differentiation322

4.10.1 Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumour322

4.10.2 Mixed Tumour/Myoepithelioma322

4.10.3 Synovial Sarcoma323

4.10.4 Epithelioid Sarcoma323

4.10.5 Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma324

4.10.6 Desmoplastic Small-Round-Cell Tumour325

4.10.7 Malignant Rhabdoid Tumour325

References341

5 Lymphoma and Leukaemia363

5.1 Introductory Remarks363

5.2 Normal （Reactive） Haematolymphoid Cells364

5.2.1 Lymphocytes364

5.2.2 Centroblasts and Centrocytes367

5.2.3 Plasma Cells368

5.2.4 Monocytes， Macrophages， Langerhans Cells and Multinucleated Giant Cells369

5.2.5 Mast Cells381

5.2.6 Eosinophils382

5.2.7 Neutrophils382

5.2.8 Basophils382

5.2.9 Megakaryocytes and Platelets391

5.2.10 Erythroblasts （‘normoblasts’ and ‘normocytes’）392

5.3 Haematolymphoid Neoplasia395

5.3.1 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms396

5.3.2 The Acute Leukaemias397

5.3.3 B-Cell Neoplasms410

5.3.4 T-Cell Neoplasms442

5.3.5 Hodgkin Lymphoma460

5.3.6 Tumours Showing Histiocytic Differentiation - Dendritic Cell Tumours461

5.3.7 Reticulum Cell Tumours475

References480

6 Tumours of the Central Nervous System491

6.1 Introductory Remarks491

6.2 Astrocytic Tumours491

6.2.1 Astrocytoma494

6.2.2 Glioblastoma494

6.2.3 Pilocytic Astrocytoma496

6.2.4 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma498

6.2.5 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma498

6.2.6 Monomorphous Angiocentric Glioma500

6.2.7 Subependymal Giant-Cell Astrocytoma of Tuberous Sclerosis500

6.3 Oligogodendroglioma502

6.4 Ependymoma and Subependymoma503

6.5 Choroid Plexus Tumours507

6.6 Mixed Neuronal and Glial Tumours509

6.6.1 Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma509

6.6.2 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Desmoplastic Cerebral Astrocytoma of Infancy or Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma512

6.6.3 Angioganglioglioma514

6.6.4 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour515

6.6.5 Central Neurocytoma518

6.6.6 Extraventricular Neurocytoma519

6.6.7 Papillary Glioneuronal Tumour519

6.6.8 Glioneuronal Tumour with Neuropil-Like Islands/Rosetted Glioneuronal Tumour520

6.6.9 Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumour of the IVth Ventricle520

6.7 Pineal Parenchyma Tumours520

6.7.1 Pineocytoma520

6.7.2 PPT of Intermediate Differentiation522

6.7.3 Pineoblastoma523

6.7.4 Papillary Tumour of the Pineal Region523

6.8 Embryonal Tumours523

6.8.1 Medulloepithelioma523

6.8.2 Ependymoblastoma523

6.8.3 Medulloblastoma523

6.8.4 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumour527

6.8.5 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy528

6.9 Meningioma and Meningioangiomatosis528

6.10 Intracranial Germ Tumours531

6.10.1 Germinomas531

6.10.2 Yolk Sac Tumour532

6.10.3 Embryonal Carcinoma532

6.10.4 Choriocarcinoma532

6.11 Craniopharyngioma534

6.12 Paraganglioma534

6.13 Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma535

Acknowledgements535

References537

7 Tumours of the Neuroendocrine System and the Peripheral Nervous System547

7.1 Introductory Remarks547

7.2 The Ultrastructure of Neuroendocrine Tumours548

7.2.1 The Archetypal Neuroendocrine Granule548

7.2.2 Variations in the Structure of Neuroendocrine Granules in Different Neuroendocrine Tumours， and Additional Ultrastructural Features of Neuroendocrine Tumours552

7.3 Tumours of the Peripheral Nervous System577

7.3.1 The Normal Neuron577

7.3.2 Extracranial Tumours Showing Neuronal/Glial/Ganglionic Differentiation579

7.3.3 The Normal Nerve Sheath595

7.3.4 Tumours of the Nerve Sheath601

7.4 Meningioma618

References624

8 Miscellaneous Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions643

8.1 Introductory Remarks643

8.2 Tumours of the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts643

8.2.1 Seminoma643

8.2.2 Embryonal Carcinoma644

8.2.3 Endodermal Sinus Tumour （Yolk Sac Tumour）644

8.2.4 Choriocarcinoma644

8.2.5 Tumours Showing Leydig-Cell Differentiation644

8.2.6 Tumours Showing Sertoli-Cell Differentiation645

8.2.7 Tumours Showing Granulosa-Cell Differentiation645

8.3 Blastemal Tumours657

8.3.1 Wilms’ Tumour （Nephroblastoma）657

8.3.2 Pulmonary and Pleuropulmonary Blastoma657

8.3.3 Hepatoblastoma657

8.3.4 Pancreatoblastoma658

8.4 Embryonal Sarcoma of Liver658

8.5 Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumour658

8.6 Cardiac Myxoma659

8.7 Pneumocytoma （Sclerosing Haemangioma of Lung）659

8.8 Cellular Neurothekeoma659

8.9 Amyloidoma659

8.10 Malakoplakia659

8.11 Bacillary Angiomatosis and Mycobacterial Spindle-Cell Pseudotumour660

8.12 Rosai-Dorfman Disease660

References665

Index671