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Introduction1

1 Introduction to RF electronics1

The electromagnetic spectrum1

Units and physical constants2

Microwave letter bands5

RF components, layout, and construction7

Coaxial cable transmission line( coax )14

Warning18

Vectors19

Tuned resonant circuits19

2 RF components and tuned circuits19

Inductance and inductors21

Capacitors and capacitance33

Voltage and current in capacitor circuits40

Tuned RF/IF transformers51

3 Variable capacitors in RF circuits59

Straight-line capacitance vs straight-line capacitors63

Special variable capacitors64

Varactor applications69

Note and warning!70

4 Winding your own coils73

Amidon Associates coil system74

Making your own toroid-core inductors and RF transformers77

Ferrite and powdered-iron rods92

Project 4-195

References104

5 Radio receivers: Theory and projects105

The tuner106

Tuned radio-frequency(TRF)receivers110

Superheterodyne receivers112

Receiver circuits you can build126

Basic theory of operation143

6 Direct-conversion radio receivers143

Problems associated with DCR designs146

Some practical design approaches156

References and notes170

7 RF amplifier and preselector circuits171

JFET preselector circuits173

MOSFET preselector circuits176

Noise and preselectors179

Broadband RF preamplifier for VLF, LF, and AM BCB179

Broadband RF amplifier(50-Ωinput and output)187

Broadband or tuned RF/IF amplifier using the MC-1350P188

VLF preamplifier189

Conclusion192

8 Building IF amplifiers193

Amplifier circuits193

Cascode pair amplifier195

Universal IF amplifier196

Coupling to other filters200

IC IF amplifiers200

IF processing Ics203

Successive detection logarithmic amplifiers203

Filter switching in IF amplifiers205

References206

9 Interpreting radio receiver specifications207

A hypothetical radio receiver207

Units of measure211

Dynamic performance230

Dynamic range235

Receiver improvement strategies240

References241

10 Building signal-generator and oscillator circuits243

Types of oscillator circuits243

1-to 20-MHz crystal oscillator245

HF/VHF buffer amplifier247

455-kHz AM IF-amplifier test-and -alignment oscillator248

Signal generator for the AM and short-wave bands249

11 RF directional couplers253

Conclusion257

References257

12 The RF hybrid coupler259

Applications of hybrids259

Phase-shifted hybrids262

Conclusion264

13 Building simple VLF radio receivers267

Receiver types268

Tuning circuit problems270

A VLF receiver project276

References and notes284

14 What s that mess coming from my receiver?285

Radio station interference285

Other interference289

15 Filtering circuits against EMI293

Means of EMI transmission293

Electronic noise295

Counters to EMI296

Common mode and differential currents298

AC power line filtering302

Special medical EMI problems302

Computer EMI303

Conclusion304

16 Measuring inductors and capacitors at RF frequencies305

VSWR method305

Voltage divider method307

Frequency-shifted oscillator method309

Signal generator method309

Using RF bridges310

Finding parasitic capacitances and inductances315

Conclusion317

17 Building and using the RF noise bridge319

Adjusting antennas321

Resonant frequency322

Impedance matching approaches322

Capacitance and inductance measurements324

18 Vectors for RF circuits327

19 Impedance matching: Methods and circuits331

L-section network332

Pi-(π)networks334

Split-capacitor network335

Transmatch circuit335

Coaxial cable balun transformaers338

Matching stubs338

Quarter-wavelength matching sections339

Series-matching section340

20 Using the double-balanced mixer(DBM)343

Diplexer circuits344

JFET and MOSFET doubly balanced mixer circuits347

Doubly balanced diode mixer circuits350

Bipolar transconductance cell DBMs355

Preamplifiers and postamplifiers359

Conclusion363

References363

21 PIN diodes and their uses365

PIN diode switch circuits366

PIN diode applications369

Conclusion373

22 UHF and microwave diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits375

Diode devices375

Introduction to negative resistance(-R)devices382

UHF and microwave RF transistors399

Semiconductor overview400

Selecting transistors413

23 LC RF filter circuits431

Low pass, high pass, bandpass, and notch431

Filter applications432

Filter construction434

Filter design approach435

Low-pass filters435

High-pass filters437

Bandpass filters440

Notch filters443

More on bandpass filters447

Conclusion447

24 Time-domain reflectometry on a budget449

The basis of TDR449

The pulse source450

Test set-up451

Some actual measurements451

25 Solving frequency drift problems455

Frequency shift problems455

Drift problems457

VHF problems458

Problems with older equipment462

Heat problems462

Equipment modifications462

26 The Smith chart463

Smith chart components463

Smith chart applications475

27 Detector and demodulator circuits487

AM envelope detectors487

Balanced demodulators494

Noise494

Synchronous AM demodulation495

Double-sideband(DSBSC)and single-sideband(SSBSC) suppressed carrier demodulators495

FM and PM demodulator circuits502

Discriminator circuits503

Ratio detector circuits504

Pulse-counting detectors506

Phase locked loop FM/PM detectors507

Quadrature detector508

Index511

About the author534