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成人二语习得中的僵化现象=FOSSILIZATION IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION:英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载
- 周定平著 著
- 出版社：
- ISBN：
- 出版时间：2008
- 标注页数：0页
- 文件大小：41MB
- 文件页数：228页
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图书目录
1 Introduction1
Fossilization and Ultimate Attainment5
General failure5
Differential success/failure7
A Conceptual Framework8
An Outline of the Book10
2 What is Fossilization?12
Selinker's Definitions14
Others' View16
Dictionary Definitions18
An Alternative Definition19
Key Issues21
Is fossilization global or local?21
Is fossilization a product or a process?22
Summary23
3 Behavioral Reflexes and Causal Variables25
An Overview25
Sample Explanations28
Absence of corrective feedback28
Quality of input30
Lack of access to universal grammar30
Failure of parameter resetting30
Learning inhibiting learning31
Automatization of faulty knowledge31
Lack of understanding32
Processing constraints32
Lack of sensitivity to input32
Change in emotional state33
Naturalinclination to focus on content,not on form33
Avoidance34
Satisfaction of communicative needs34
Lack of acculturation35
Will to maintain identity36
Two Primary Determinants of Lack of Ability38
Summary42
4 A Macroscopic Analysis:Critical Period Effects44
The Critical Period Hypothesis44
CPH in FLA and SLA46
The Modular Nature of CP55
Critical Period Effects on Language Learning57
Summary62
5 A Macroscopic Analysis:Native Language Transfer65
Transfer-inspired Delay in L2 Learning68
'Transfer to Somewhere'and'Transfer to Nowhere'69
Transfer of'Thinking for Speaking'75
Preprogramming77
The Schwartz and Sprouse(1996) study77
The Sorace(1993) study80
Summary85
6 A Microscopic Analysis:Some Empirical Evidence87
Some Empirical Studies87
The longitudinal approach88
The typical-error approach90
The advanced-learner approach92
The corrective-feedback approach95
The length-of-residence approach97
Critique of the Methodologies97
Two recent longitudinal studies99
Is stabilization synonymous with fossilization?102
Should a longitudinal study last five years or longer?104
The Modular Nature of Fossilization106
Linguistic Features Prone to Fossilization112
The Multiple Effects Principle118
Summary121
7 Second Language Instruction and Fossilization125
To What Extent Does Instruction Aid Acquisition?126
Explicit or implicit instruction?129
Is grammar instruction necessary?132
The zone of capability136
To What Extent Does Instruction Promote Fossilization?147
Classroom input151
Pedagogic strategies157
Opportunity for use of language161
Summary161
8 Summary and Conclusion166
A Synopsis166
Implications for Research and Practice169
General Directions for Future Research174
References177
Index198