对比语言学导论（英文版）=INTRODUCTION TO CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICSPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

对比语言学导论（英文版）=INTRODUCTION TO CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICSPDF格式电子书版下载

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1

1.1 What is Contrastive Linguistics?1

1.1.1 The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics2

1.1.1.1 Linguistics2

1.1.1.2 Contrastive Linguistics(Contrastive Analysis)4

1.1.2 Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics10

1.2 Why Contrastive Linguistics?11

1.2.1 The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics12

1.2.2 The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics13

1.3 The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics18

Questions for Discussion and Research26

CHAPTER 2 THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS28

2.1 Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis(CA)28

2.1.1 The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis:Transfer29

2.1.2 The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis30

2.1.3 The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis31

2.2 Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis32

2.3 Criteria for Comparison37

2.3.1 The Surface Structure(SS)38

2.3.2 The Deep Structure(DS)40

2.3.3 Translation Equivalence44

2.4 Procedures of Contrastive Analysis49

Questions for Discussion and Research50

CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS52

3.1 Phonetics and Phonology52

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics54

3.2.1 Articulatory Phonetics54

3.2.1.1 Vocal organs(articulators)and the dynamics of voice production54

3.2.1.2 The modulation of speech sounds58

3.2.2 Acoustic Phonetics60

3.2.2.1 Frequency60

3.2.2.2 Amplitude of vibration61

3.2.2.3 Timbre61

3.2.3 Auditory Phonetics62

3.3 Contrastive Phonology65

3.3.1 Phonological Contrastive Analysis65

3.3.1.1 The functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages65

3.3.1.2 Pronunciation problems caused by phonemic asymmetries and by allophonic differences66

3.3.1.3 The functional loads of comparable phonological contrasts in different languages67

3.3.2 Two Phonological Models68

3.3.2.1 The taxonomic or structural phonology68

3.3.2.2 Generative phonology69

3.4 Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis71

3.4.1 The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch72

3.4.1.1 Tone72

3.4.1.2 Intonation73

3.4.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture75

Questions for Discussion and Research76

CHAPTER 4 LEXICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS78

4.1 Contrastive Lexical Morphology79

4.1.1 Lexical/Derivational Morphology and Inflectional Morphology79

4.1.2 Morpheme80

4.1.2.1 Free morpheme80

4.1.2.2 Bound morpheme80

4.1.2.2.1 Affix80

4.1.2.2.2 Combining form81

4.1.2.3 Stem(base morpheme)and root81

4.1.3 A Comparison of the Makeup of English and Chinese Word Stock82

4.2 Contrastive Lexical Semantics84

4.2.1 The Motivation(Internal Form)of Words85

4.2.1.1 Phonetic motivation86

4.2.1.2 Graphemic motivation86

4.2.1.3 Morphological motivation87

4.2.1.4 Semantic motivation87

4.2.1.5 A contrastive analysis of the morphological motivation of English,German,and Chinese words87

4.2.2 Sense Relationships91

4.2.2.1 Syntagmatic semantic relationship:Collocation92

4.2.2.2 Paradigmatic semantic relationships94

4.2.2.2.1 Synonymy94

4.2.2.2.2 Antonymy95

4.2.2.2.3 Hyponymy96

4.2.2.2.4 Incompatibility98

4.2.2.3 Lexical fields and Iexical gaps98

4.2.3 Semantic Features102

4.3 Three Active Areas107

4.3.1 Anthropology107

4.3.2 Translation113

4.3.3 Bilingual Lexicography118

Questions for Discussion and Research119

CHAPTER 5 GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS121

5.1 The Concept of Grammar121

5.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology123

5.2.1 Grammatical Categories125

5.2.1.1 Aspect125

5.2.1.2 Case127

5.2.1.3 Gender128

5.2.1.4 Mood128

5.2.1.5 Number128

5.2.1.6 Person129

5.2.1.7 Tense129

5.2.1.8 Voice129

5.2.2 A Contrastive Study of the Chinese and English Case Systems130

5.3 Syntactic Contrastive Analysis134

5.3.1 The Structural Approach(Surface-structure Contrasts)134

5.3.2 The Weaknesses of the Structural Approach138

5.3.3 The Generative Approaches139

5.3.3.1 The Transformational Grammarian approach(For deep-structure contrasts)140

5.3.3.2 The Case Grammarian approach(For deeper-structure contrasts)146

Questions for Discussion and Research153

CHAPTER 6 TEXTUAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS155

6.1 Text and Discourse157

6.2 The Defining Characteristics of the Text158

6.3 The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion161

6.3.1 Semantic Cohesion163

6.3.1.1 Reference163

6.3.1.2 Substitution166

6.3.1.3 Ellipsis167

6.3.1.4 Conjunction169

6.3.1.5 Lexical relationships("Iexical cohesion")173

6.3.2 Structural Cohesion174

6.3.2.1 Parallelism174

6.3.2.2 Comparison179

6.3.2.3 Information structure179

6.3.2.3.1 Theme and Rheme180

6.3.2.3.2 Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP)181

6.3.2.3.3 Topic and Comment182

6.3.3 Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive Devices191

6.4 The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence191

Questions for Discussion and Research199

CHAPTER 7 PRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS202

7.1 Speech Act Theory202

7.1.1 Speech Acts203

7.1.1.1 Performatives and constatives203

7.1.1.2 Three kinds of speech acts203

7.1.1.3 Five basic types of illocutionary acts204

7.1.2 Felicity Conditions205

7.2 Conversational Interaction206

7.2.1 The Structural Components of Conversation207

7.2.1.1 Openings207

7.2.1.2 The maintaining of a conversation209

7.2.1.3 Closings214

7.2.2 Principles of Conversational Organization216

7.2.2.1 The Cooperative Principle(Be Clear)216

7.2.2.1.1 Conversational maxims216

7.2.2.1.2 Conversational implicature217

7.2.2.2 The Rules of Politeness(Be Polite)220

7.2.2.2.1 Rule 1:Don't impose on your hearer220

7.2.2.2.2 Rule 2: Give the hearer options222

7.2.2.2.3 Rule 3:Make the hearer feel good:Be friendly222

Questions for Discussion and Research224

REFERENCES226

INDEX234