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1 TRADITIONAL DEFINTIONS OF RHETORIC1

PREFACE1

1．1 Rhetoric as the Art of Oratory2

1．1．1 Historical Needs for Public Speaking2

1．1．2 First Rhetoricians3

1．1．3 The Discipline of Rhetoric4

1．3．1 Historical Needs for the Art of Style6

1．1．4 The Beginning of the Humanistic Tradition of Rhetoric6

1．1．5 The Five-Fold Rhetorical Process7

1．1．6 Diverse Descriptions of Rhetoric8

1．1．7 Development of the Art of Oratory11

1．2 Rhetoric as the Art of Writing13

1．2．1 Historical Needs for the Art of Writing13

1．2．2 Development of the Art of Writing14

1．3 Rhetoric as the Art of Style16

1．3．2 Development of the Art of Style17

2 THE CLASSICAL TRADITION OF RHETORIC23

2．1 Social Need for Classical Rhetoric24

2．2 First Rhetoricians and the First Rhetoric-School24

2．3 The Influence of Classical Rhetoric26

2．4 Outline of Classical Rhetoric27

2．4．1 The Three Kinds of Oratory27

2．4．2 The Stages of Composition28

2．4．3 The Parts of a Speech34

2．4．4 The Three Styles38

2．5 The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric40

2．5．1 Classical Rhetoric in the Middle Ages40

2．5．1．1 The Art of Rhetoric41

2．5．1．2 The Art of Letter Writing41

2．5．1．3 The Art of Preaching42

2．5．2 Classical Rhetoric in the Renaissance43

2．5．2．1 The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric44

2．5．2．2 The Ciceronian Stylistic Rhetoric44

2．5．3 Neo-Classical Rhetorics45

2．5．4 Classical Rhetoric in the Nineteenth Century46

2．5．5 Revival of Classical Rhetoric47

2．5．5．1 The First Revival of Classical Rhetoric in America47

2．5．5．2 The Second Revival of Classical Rhetoric in America48

3 TRADITIONAL RHETORIC IN ENGLAND53

3．1 Sixteenth-Century English Rhetoric54

3．1．1 The First English Rhetoric54

3．1．2 The Second English Rhetoric54

3．1．3 The First Popular English Rhetoric55

3．1．4 Ciceronian Model:Governing Ideal of Early Renaissance Rhetoric55

3．1．5 Some Representative English Rhetorics56

3．1．6 Ramist Influence57

3．2 Seventeenth-Century English Rhetoric58

3．2．1 Logic and Rhetoric60

3．2．2 Development of a Simple,Utilitarian Style61

3．3 Eighteenth-Century English Rhetoric67

3．3．1 Eighteenth-Century Epistemology and Philosophy69

3．3．2 Neo-Classical English Rhetorics72

3．3．3 The Old Rhetoric:Logics and Stylistic Rhetorics73

3．3．4 The Elocution Movement75

3．3．5 Belletristic Rhetoric77

4 TRADITIONAL RHETORIC IN AMERICA89

4．1．1 New Source fo Rhetorical Invention90

4．1 New Beginnings90

4．1．2 The Strongest Stimulus for an Authentic American Discourse91

4．2 Speech Communication Studies98

4．2．1 American Speechmaking98

4．2．2 Speech Department102

4．3 Composition-Rhetoric103

4．3．1 Emphasis Change in Rhetoric103

4．3．2 Composition-Rhetoric:Multimodality105

4．3．3 Main Trends in the Developing Composition-Rhetoric111

4．3．4 Invention of First-Year College Writing116

5 THEORY CONSTRUCTION OF CONTEMPORARY RHETORIC121

5．1．1．1 Wayne E.Brockriede s Idea of a Contemporary Theory of Rhetoric124

5．1 Rhetoric or Rhetorics124

5．1．1 Monistic Rhetorical Theory124

5．1．1．2 Wayne E.Brockriede s Reasons for Revising the Aristotelian Approach125

5．1．1．3 Qualities of a Contemporary Theory of Rhetoric126

5．1．1．4 Values of a Contemporary Theory of Rhetoric127

5．1．2 Pluralistic Rhetorical Theory127

5．1．2．1 Douglas Ehninger on Systems of Rhetoric128

5．2 Substitute of Supplement137

5．2．1 Wayne N.Thompson137

5．2．2 Herbert W.Simons141

5．2．2．1 Simons Description of New Rhetoric142

5．2．2．2 Simons on Normative Orientation145

5．2．2．3 Simons Definition of New Rhetoric148

5．2．2．4 Simons Typology of Rhetorical Goals148

5．2．3 Richard Ohmann150

5．2．3．1 Ohmann on the Definitions of Rhetoric150

5．2．3．2 Relationships of Current Theories to Older Ones151

5．3 Theory of Rhetoric or Philosophy of Rhetoric153

5．3．1 Otis M.Walter on Philosophy of Rhetoric154

5．3．1．1 Philosophy of Rhetoric:Foundation of Theory of Rhetoric155

5．3．1．2 Significance of the Foundation of Theory of Rhetoric156

5．3．2 Daniel Fogarty on Philosophy of Rhetoric157

5．3．3 Maurice Natason on Philosophy of Rhetoric158

6 PROBES OF CONTEMPORARY RHETORICAL THEORY161

6．1 Rhetoric:Functions and Scope162

6．1．1 Confusion in Meaning of Rhetoric162

6．1．2 Rhetoric:Functions163

6．1．3 Rhetoric:Scope165

6．2 Rhetorical Context166

6．2．1 Lloyd F.Bitzer on Rhetorical Situation167

6．2．2 Lloyd F.Bitzer on the Nature of a Rhetorical Situation168

6．2．3 Lloyd F.Bitzer on the Characteristics of a Rhetorical Situation170

6．3 Nature and Significance of Metaphor in Rhetorical Process175

6．3．1．1 Richards Definition of Metaphor176

6．3．1 IA Richards on the Nature of Metaphor176

6．3．1．2 Richards Description of Metaphor177

6．3．1．3 On the Nature of Metaphor177

6．3．2 I.A.Richards on the Significance of Metaphor178

6．4 Toward an Axiology of Rhetoric179

6．4．1 Ralph T.Eubanks and Virgil Baker on Axiology180

6．4．2 The Determinants for a Rhetoric of Values181

6．4．3 Value Typology184

7 NEW RHETORIC191

7．1 Toward a New Rhetoric192

7．1．1 Nature of the New Rhetoric195

7．1．2 Systematic Presentation of the New Rhetoric197

7．2 I.A.Richards New Rhetoric198

7．2．1 Richards Theory of Meaning199

7．2．2 Richards Theory of Comprehending204

7．3 Kenneth Burke s Rhetoric of Motives210

7．3．1 Burke s Approach to Rhetoric211

7．3．2 Burke s General Concept of Rhetoric213

7．3．3 Burke s Dramatic Pentad216

7．4 Richard M.Weaver s Rhetoric of Axilogy219

7．4．1 Weaver s Background and Approach to Rhetoric219

7．4．2 Weaver on the Nature,Function,and Scope of Rhetoric221

7．5．1 Perelman s Rhetoric of Argumentation224

7．5 Chaim Perelman s and Stephen Toulmin s Rhetorics of Argumentation224

7．5．2 Toulmin s Rhetoric of Argumentation227

7．5．2．1 Toulmin s Model of Argumentation229

7．5．2．2 Features of the Toulmin Model232

7．6 Marshal McLuhan s Rhetoric of Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems233

7．6．1 The Rhetoric of Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems234

7．6．2 McLuhan s Communication Theory235

8 RHETORIC AND COMPOSITION STUDIES243

8．1 General Description244

8．2 Bibliographic Material253

8．2．1 Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student254

8．2．2 Linguistics,Stylistics,and the Teaching of Composition255

8．2．3 The Writer s Options:College Sentence Combining256

8．3 Some General Theories of Composition260

8．3．1 Teaching the Universe of Discourse261

8．3．2 The Development of Writing Abilities（11-18）262

8．3．3 A Conceptual Theory of Rhetoric263

8．3．4 A Theory of Discourse269

8．4 Theories on Invention and Process271

8．5 Approaches to Arrangement271

8．6 Concerns with Student Dialect272

8．7 Pedagogical Approaches273

9 RHETORIC AND FIGURES OF SPEECH277

9．1 Two Classification Systems of Figures of Speech279

9．1．1 Corbett and Connors s System of Classification279

9．1．2 Walter Nash s Classification System of Figures of Speech282

9．1．2．1 Nash s Rationale for Classifying Figures282

9．1．2．2 Nash on Figures286

9．1．2．3 Nash on Tropes and Modes294

10 CONTEMPORARY RHETORIC:INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES309

10．1 Communication Theory,Hermeneutics,Pragmatics310

10．2 Rhetoric and Informal Logic313

10．3 Rhetoric and Literature314

10．4 Rhetoric and Dialectic,Exploration,Epistemology317

10．5 Rhetoric and Information Theory,Journalism,Technical Writing319

10．6 Rhetoric and Commercial Advertising322

10．7 Rhetoric and Mass Media322

10．8 Rhetoric and Semiotics324

11 RHETORICAL CRITICISM329

11．1 Traditional Approach330

11．1．1 Definition and Purposes330

11．1．1．1 Definition330

11．1．1．2 Purposes330

11．1．2 The Process330

11．1．3．1 The First stage of Criticism:Descriptive Analysis331

11．1．3 Three Stages331

11．1．3．2 The Second Stage of Criticism:Historical-Contextual Analysis337

11．1．3．3 The Third Stage of Criticism:Interpretative Analysis340

11．1．4 Samples342

11．2 Nontraditional Approaches354

11．2．1 Introduction354

11．2．2 Sample355

11．3 Systems of Rhetorical Criticism356

11．3．1 System I:Traditional Rationalism356

11．3．2 System II:Psychological Criticism361

11．3．3 System III:Dramatistic Criticism365

WORKS CITED AND CONSULTED373