多媒体计算 通信与应用 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1．1 Branch-overlapping Aspects of Multimedia2

1．2 Content3

1．3 Global Structure4

1．4 Multimedia Literature6

2 Multimedia: Media and Data Streams9

2．1 Medium10

2．1．1 The Perception Medium10

2．1．2 The Representation Medium10

2．1．4 The Storage Medium11

2．1．5 The Transmission Medium11

2．1．3 The Presentation Medium11

2．1．6 The Information Exchange Medium12

2．1．7 Representation Values and Representation Spaces12

2．1．8 Representation Dimensions13

2．2 Main Properties of a Multimedia System14

2．2．1 Multimedia System Definition14

2．2．2 Combination of Media15

2．2．3 Independence15

2．2．4 Computer-supported Integration16

2．2．5 Communication Systems16

2．3 Multimedia17

2．4．1 Asynchronous Transmission Mode18

2．4 Traditional Data Streams Characteristics18

2．4．2 Synchronous Transmission Mode19

2．4．3 Isochronous Transmission Mode19

2．5 Data Stream Characteristics for Continuous Media20

2．5．1 The Time Interval Between a Complete Transmission of Consecutive Packets20

2．5．2 Variation of Consecutive Packet Amount21

2．5．3 Contiguous Packets23

2．6 Information Units25

3 Sound/Audio27

3．1 Basic Sound Concepts28

3．1．1 Computer Representation of Sound29

3．1．2 Audio Formats31

3．2 Music32

3．2．1 MIDI Basic Concepts32

3．2．2 MIDI Devices34

3．2．3 MIDI Messages36

3．2．4 MIDI and SMPTE Timing Standards38

3．2．5 MIDI Software39

3．3 Speech41

3．3．1 Speech Generation42

3．3．2 Speech Analysis47

3．3．3 Speech Transmission51

4 Images and Graphics55

4．1．1 Digital Image Representation56

4．1 Basic Concepts56

4．1．2 Image Format57

4．1．3 Graphics Format59

4．2 Computer Image Processing61

4．2．1 Image Synthesis61

4．2．2 Image Analysis68

4．2．3 Image Transmission78

4．3 Comments79

5 Video and Animation81

5．1 Basic Concepts81

5．1．1 Video Signal Representation81

5．1．2 Computer Video Format91

5．2．1 Conventional Systems93

5．2 Television93

5．2．2 Enhanced Definition Systems95

5．2．3 High-Definition Systems98

5．2．4 Transmission101

5．3 Computer-based Animation103

5．3．1 Basic Concepts104

5．3．2 Animation Languages106

5．3．3 Methods of Controlling Animation108

5．3．4 Display of Animation110

5．3．5 Transmission of Animation111

5．3．6 Comments112

6．1 Storage Space113

6 Data Compression113

6．2 Coding Requirements114

6．3 Source, Entropy and Hybrid Coding118

6．4 Some Basic Compression Techniques121

6．5 JPEG130

6．5．1 Image Preparation132

6．5．2 Lossy Sequential DCT-based Mode137

6．5．3 Expanded Lossy DCT-based Mode142

6．5．4 Lossless Mode144

6．5．5 Hierarchical Mode145

6．6 H.261（px64）146

6．6．1 Image Preparation147

6．6．2 Coding Algorithms148

6．6．3 Data Stream149

6．7 MPEG150

6．7．1 Video Encoding151

6．7．2 Audio Encoding156

6．7．3 Data Stream157

6．7．4 MPEG-2160

6．7．5 MPEG-4164

6．8 DVI165

6．8．1 Audio and Still Image Encoding166

6．8．2 Video Encoding168

6．8．3 Data Stream171

6．9 Comments172

7 Optical Storage Media175

7．1 History176

7．2 Basic Technology177

7．3 Video Disks and Other WORMs180

7．4 Compact Disk Digital Audio181

7．4．1 Preliminary Technical Background181

7．4．2 Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation183

7．4．3 Error Handling184

7．4．4 Frames, Tracks, Areas and Blocks of a CD-DA185

7．5 Compact Disk Read Only Memory188

7．5．1 Blocks188

7．4．5 Advantages of Digital CD-DA Technology188

7．5．2 Modes189

7．5．3 Logical Data Format192

7．5．4 Limitations of the CD-ROM Technology193

7．6 CD-ROM Extended Architecture194

7．6．1 Form 1 and Form 2194

7．6．2 Compressed Data of Different Media196

7．7 Further CD-ROM-based Developments197

7．7．1 Compact Disk Interactive197

7．7．2 Compact Disk Interactive Ready Format201

7．7．3 Compact Disk Bridge Disk201

7．7．4 Photo Compact Disk202

7．7．5 Digital Video Interactive203

7．8 Compact Disk Write Once204

7．8．1 Principle of the CD-WO204

7．8．2 Sessions205

7．9 Compact Disk Magneto Optical207

7．9．1 Principle of the Magnetic-Optical Method207

7．9．2 Areas of the CD-MO207

7．10 The Prospects of CD Technologies208

8 Computer Technology211

8．1 Communication Architecture212

8．1．1 Hybrid Systems213

8．1．2 Digital Systems217

8．2 Multimedia Workstation219

8．3 Comments223

9 Multimedia Operating Systems225

9．1 Introduction225

9．2 Real Time227

9．2．1 The Notion of Real-Time227

9．2．2 Real Time and Multimedia230

9．3 Resource Management232

9．3．1 Resources233

9．3．2 Requirements234

9．3．3 Components and Phases235

9．3．4 Allocation Scheme237

9．3．5 Continuous Media Resource Model238

9．4 Process Management244

9．4．1 Real Time Process Management in Conventional Operating Systems: An Example245

9．4．2 Real-time Processing Requirements248

9．4．3 Traditional Real -time Scheduling249

9．4．4 Real-time Scheduling: System Model250

9．4．5 Earliest Deadline First Algorithm252

9．4．6 Rate Monotonic Algorithm254

9．4．7 EDF and Rate Monotonic：Context switches256

9．4．8 EDF and Rate Monotonic: Processor Utilizations256

9．4．9 Extensions to Rate Monotonic Scheduling259

9．4．10 Other Approaches for In-Time Scheduling260

9．4．11 Preemptive versus Non-preemptive Task Scheduling262

9．4．12 Scheduling of Continuous Media Tasks: Prototype Operating Systems265

9．5 File Systems268

9．5．1 Traditional File Systems269

9．5．2 Multimedia File Systems276

9．6 Additional Operating System Issues293

9．6．1 Interprocess Communication and Synchronization293

9．6．2 Memory Management294

9．6．3 Device Management295

9．7 System Architecture298

9．7．1 UNLX-based Systems302

9．7．2 QuickTime302

9．7．3 Windows Multimedia Extensions306

9．7．4 OS/2 Multimedia Presentation Manager/2308

9．8 Concluding Remarks310

10 Networking Systems313

10．1 Layers, Protocols and Services313

10．2 Networks319

10．3 Local Area Networks（LANs）319

10．3．1 High-speed Ethernet319

10．3．2 Token Ring322

10．3．3 FDDI330

10．3．4 Local ATM Networks344

10．4 Metropolitan Area Networks（MANs）355

10．4．1 Distributed Queue Dual Bus（DQDB）356

10．4．2 Orwell362

10．4．3 MAN Connectivity to ATM Networks363

10．5 Wide Area Networks（WANs）365

10．5．1 Traditional WAN S366

10．5．2 B-ISDN:ATM371

10．6 Conclusion380

11 Multimedia Communication Systems383

11．1 Application Subsystem384

11．1．1 Collaborative Computing384

11．1．2 Session Management397

11．2 Transport Subsystem401

11．2．1 Requirements401

11．2．2 Transport Layer404

11．2．3 Network Layer410

11．3 Quality of Service and Resource Management418

11．3．1 Basic Concepts418

11．3．2 Establishment and Closing of the Multimedia Call424

11．3．3 Managing Resources during Multimedia Transmission440

11．3．4 Architectural Issues457

11．4 Comments459

11．4．1 Trends in Collaborative Computing459

11．4．2 Trends in Transport Systems462

12 Database Systems463

12．1 Multimedia Database Management System464

12．2 Characteristics of an MDBMS465

12．3 Data Analysis469

12．4 Data Structure470

12．4．1 Raw Data470

12．4．2 Registering Data471

12．4．3 Descriptive Data471

12．4．4 Examples of Multimedia Structures471

12．4．5 Comments on Data Analysis474

12．5 Operations on Data474

12．6 Integration in a Database Model476

12．6．1 Relational Database Model477

12．6．2 Object-oriented Database Model478

12．7 Comments479

13 Documents, Hypertext and MHEG481

13．1 Documents481

13．1．1 Document Architecture482

13．1．2 Manipulation of Multimedia Data483

13．2 Hypertext and Hypermedia485

13．2．1 Hypertext, Hypermedia and Multimedia486

13．2．2 Hypermedia Systems: An Example491

13．2．3 History499

13．2．4 Systems: Architecture, Nodes and Pointers502

13．2．5 Some Final Comments about Hypertext Systems507

13．3 Document Architecture SGML510

13．3．1 Some Details511

13．3．2 SGML and Multimedia514

13．3．3 Closing Comments about SGML515

13．4 Document Architecture ODA516

13．4．1 Some Details on ODA516

13．4．2 ODA and Multimedia523

13．5 MHEG527

13．5．1 Example of an Interactive Multimedia Presentation528

13．5．2 Derivation of a Class Hierarchy530

13．5．3 Contents532

13．5．4 Behavior534

13．5．5 User Interaction537

13．5．6 Container539

13．5．7 Closing Comments541

14 User Interfaces543

14．1 General Design Issues544

14．1．1 Architectural Issues545

14．1．2 Information Characteristics for Presentation545

14．1．3 Presentation Function547

14．1．4 Presentation Design Knowledge547

14．1．5 Effective Human-Computer Interaction549

14．2 Current Work549

14．6．2 Context-sensitive Help Functions550

14．3 Extension through Video and Audio551

14．4 Video at the User Interface552

14．4．2 Example: Remote Camera Control Application553

14．4．1 Hardware for Visualization of Motion Pictures553

14．5 Audio at the User Interface556

14．6 User-friendliness as the Primary Goal557

14．6．1 Easy to Learn Instructions559

14．6．3 Easy to Remember Instructions559

14．6．4 Effective Instructions560

14．6．5 Aesthetics560

14．6．6 Effective Implementation Support561

14．6．7 Entry Elements561

14．6．9 Presentation562

14．6．8 Meaningful Location of Functions562

14．6．10 Dialogue Boxes563

14．6．11 Additional Design Criteria563

14．6．12 Design-specific Criteria564

14．7 Comments566

15 Synchronization567

15．1 Introduction567

15．2 Notion of Synchronization570

15．2．1 Multimedia Systems570

15．2．2 Basic Synchronization Issues572

15．2．3 Intra-and Inter-object Synchronization574

15．2．4 Live and Synthetic Synchronization581

15．3 Presentation Requirements585

15．2．5 Comment585

15．3．1 Lip Synchronization Requirements588

15．3．2 Pointer Synchronization Requirements593

15．3．3 Elementary Media Synchronization595

15．4 A Reference Model for Multimedia Synchronization599

15．4．1 Existing Classification Approaches600

15．4．2 The Synchronization Reference Model601

15．4．3 Synchronization in a Distributed Environment608

15．4．4 Aggregate Characteristics of the Synchronization Reference Model615

15．5 Synchronization Specification615

15．5．1 Quality of Service618

15．5．2 Multimedia Synchronization Specification Methods624

15．5．3 Interval-based Specifications625

15．5．4 Axes-based Synchronization628

15．5．5 Control Flow-based Specification631

15．5．6 Event-based Synchronization639

15．5．7 Scripts640

15．5．8 Comment644

15．6 Case Studies645

15．6．1 Synchronization in MHEG645

15．6．2 HyTime648

15．6．3 Firefly System652

15．6．4 MODE656

15．6．5 Multimedia Tele-orchestra660

15．6．6 Littles Framework663

15．6．7 ACME665

15．6．8 Further Synchronization-related Systems666

15．6．9 Comment668

15．7 Summary and Outlook668

15．7．1 Summary668

15．7．2 Future Topics670

15．7．3 Conclusion670

16 Abstractions for Programming671

16．1 Abstraction Levels672

16．2 Libraries674

16．3 System Software675

16．3．1 Data as Time Capsules676

16．3．2 Data as Streams677

16．4 Toolkits678

16．5 Higher Programming Languages679

16．5．1 Media as Types679

16．5．2 Media as Files683

16．5．3 Media as Processes684

16．5．4 Programming Language Requirements686

16．6 Object-oriented Approaches688

16．6．1 Application-specific Metaphors as Classes691

16．6．2 Application-generic Metaphors as Classes691

16．6．3 Devices as Classes692

16．6．4 Processing Units as Classes693

16．6．5 Media as Classes702

16．6．6 Communication -specific Metaphors as Classes705

16．7 Comments706

17 Multimedia Applications709

17．1 Introduction709

17．1．1 Programs710

17．1．2 Structure712

17．2 Media Preparation713

17．2．1 Means713

17．2．2 Remarks on the Current Status717

17．3 Media Composition717

17．3．1 Text and Graphics Editors718

17．3．2 Image Editors720

17．3．3 Animation Editors722

17．3．4 Sound Editors723

17．3．5 Video Editors724

17．4 Media Integration725

17．4．1 Multimedia Editors725

17．4．2 Hypermedia/Hypertext Editors727

17．4．3 Authoring Tools728

17．5 Media Communication731

17．5．1 Tele-Services732

17．5．2 Implementation of Conversational Services737

17．5．3 Implementation of Messaging Services740

17．5．4 Implementation of Retrieval Services741

17．5．5 Implementation of Tele-action Services745

17．5．6 Implementation of Tele-operation Services747

17．5．7 Applications of Tele-services747

17．6 Media Consumption752

17．6．1 Viewing Multimedia Documents753

17．6．2 Books, Proceedings and Newspapers754

17．6．3 Kiosks755

17．6．4 Tele-shopping756

17．7 Media Entertainment756

17．7．1 Virtual Reality757

17．7．2 Interactive Video759

17．7．3 Interactive Audio761

17．7．4 Games762

17．8 Trends764

18 Future Directions767

18．1 Where Are We Today?767

18．1．1 User Interface767

18．1．2 Operating Systems768

18．1．3 Multimedia Documents768

18．1．4 Synchronization769

18．1．5 Programming769

18．2 What Are the Next Steps?770

18．2．1 Devices771

18．2．2 Visualization774

18．2．3 Mobility774

18．2．4 Interactivity775

18．2．5 Operating Systems775

18．2．6 Further Issues in Virtual Environments776

18．2．7 Multimedia User Interface776

18．2．8 Hypermedia777

18．2．9 Multimedia Applications777

18．3 What Are the Multimedia Research Issues?779

A Abbreviations781

Bibliography791

Index842