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CONTENTS1

序 王宗炎1

前言1

PART ONE PRELIMINARIES1

1．INTRODUCTION1

2．WHAT IS PHONOLOGY？3

2.1 The medium of language is sound3

2.2 Phonetics and linguistics4

2.3 Phonetics and phonology5

2.4 Phonemes and allophones9

2.5 Redundancy and distinctiveness10

2.6 Phonetic transcription and phonemic transcription13

2.7 Prosodic phonology and suprasegmental phonology14

2.7.1 Length15

2.7.2 Stress15

2.7.3 Intonation16

2.7.4 Tone20

Key terms and concepts21

Questions and exercises22

3.2 The air-stream mechanism23

3.1 Introduction23

3．THE MECHANISM OF SPEECH PRODUCTION23

3.3 The vocal cords24

3.4 The pharynx26

3.5 The soft palate26

3.6 The roof of the mouth27

3.7 The tongue28

3.8 The teeth28

3.9 The lips29

3.10 The active and passive articulators30

Questions and exercises31

Key terms and concepts31

4．THE SYLLABLE：VOWEL AND CONSONANT33

4.1 The syllable33

4.2 Vowel and consonant35

4.3 Vowel-likes，semi-consonants or semi-vowels38

4.4 Vocoids and contoids38

Key terms and concepts41

Questions and exercises41

5．DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS42

5.1 Description of consonants42

5.2 Place of articulation43

5.3.1 Complete closure48

5.3 Manner of articulation48

5.3.2 Intermittent closure49

5.3.3 Partial closure50

5.3.4 Narrowing50

5.3.5 Approximants50

5.4 Fortis and Lenis51

Key terms and concepts52

Questions and exercises52

6．DESCRIPTION AND NAMING OF VOWELS54

6.1 Production of vowels54

6.2 Close，half-close，half-open，open55

6.3 Front，central，back56

6.4 Rounded and unrounded58

6.5 Tense and lax58

6.6 Oral vowels and nasal vowels60

6.7 Monophthongs and diphthongs61

6.8 Retroflexed vowels62

Key terms and concepts63

Questions and exercises64

7．CARDINAL VOWELS AND VOWEL TRANSCRIPTION65

7.1 History65

7.2 The vowel limit67

7.3.1 Cardinal vowels 1 and 568

7.3 Description of the cardinal vowels68

7.3.2 Cardinal vowels 2，3，4 and 6，7，869

7.3.3 Lip positions of the cardinal vowels70

7.3.4 The secondary cardinal vowels71

7.4 Principles of vowel transcription72

Key terms and concepts73

Questions and exercises73

8．GROUPING PHONES INTO PHONEMES75

8.1 The phoneme as a phonetic reality75

8.2 Complementary distribution76

8.3 Phonetic similarity77

8.4 Free variation79

Key terms and concepts81

Questions and exercises81

PART TWO BRITISH RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION82

9．INTRODUCTION82

9.1 Aims82

9.2 The standard of British English pronunciation84

9.3 Jones’definition of RP is no longer valid86

9.4 Gimson：the conservative nature of Jones’speech88

9.5 Gimson：the instability of advanced RP90

9.6 Gimson’s conclusion92

9.7 The importance of a good pronunciation94

Key tems and concepts96

Questions and exercises97

10．THE ENGLISH VOWELS98

10.1 RP vowel system98

10.2 Characteristics of modern RP vowels99

10.3 Classification of RP vowels101

Key terms and concepts105

Questions and exercises106

11．PURE VOWELS107

11.1 English and Chinese pure vowels compared107

11.2 ／i：109

11.3 ／？111

11.4 ／e113

11.5 ／？114

11.6 ／？115

11.7 ／？：117

11.8 ／？118

11.9 ／？：120

11.10 ／？121

11.11 ／u：122

11.12 ／？：124

11.13 ／？125

Key terns and concepts128

Questions and exercises128

12．DIPHTHONGS130

12.1 English diphthongs in comparison with PTH and SCH diphthongs130

12.2　／e？132

12.3　／a？135

12.4　／？136

12.5　／？137

12.6　／？139

12.7　／？140

12.8　／？142

12.9　／？143

Key terms and concepts145

Questions and exercises145

13．WEAK FORMS AND STRONG FORMS146

13.1 Weak forms-normal forms146

13.2 Features of weak forms147

13.3 Conjunctions148

13.4 Pronouns149

13.5 Verbs150

13.6 Determiners153

13.8 There154

13.7 Prepositions154

13.9 Contracted forms155

13.10 The use of strong forms157

Key terms and concepts157

Questions and exercises158

14．THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS160

14.1 RP consonant system160

14.2 English and Chinese consonant systems compared162

14.3 Voiced or voiceless？165

14.4 Strong and weak consonants167

Key terms and concepts168

Questions and exercises169

15．PLOSIVES170

15.1 Three stages of a plosive170

15.2 Phonetic and phonemic features of English plosives170

15.3 The release stage of English plosives173

15.4 Bilabial plosives／p，b179

15.5 Alveolar plosives／t，d181

15.6 Velar plosives／k，g183

Key tems and concepts186

Questions and exercises186

16.1 Definition187

16．AFFRICATES187

16.2 General comments188

16.3 Palato-alveolar affricates／t？，d？189

16.4 Post-alveolar affricates／tr，dr191

Key tems and concepts194

Questions and exercises194

17．FRICATIVES195

17.1 Phonetic and phonemic features of English fricatives195

17.2 Main deficiancies of Chinese learners197

17.3 Labio-dental fricatives／f，v199

17.4 Dental fricatives／？，？201

17.5 Alveolar fricatives／s，z203

17.6 Palato-alveolar fricatives／？，？208

17.7 Glottal fricative／h211

Key terms and concepts212

Questions and exercises213

18．NASALS214

18.1 The English nasal consonant system214

18.2 Some comments on teaching nasals215

18.3 Bilabial nasal／m216

18.4 Alveolar nasal／n218

18.5 Velar nasal／？220

18 6 Nasal assimilations222

18.7 Sonorant consonants and syllabic nasals223

Key terms and concepts224

Questions and exercises225

19．LATERALS226

19.1 The Chinese lateral227

19.2 Main allophones of the RP／l／phoneme227

19.2.1 Clear〔l〕227

19.2.2 Dark〔？〕227

19.2.3 Syllabic〔l〕228

19.2.4 Devoiced〔？〕229

19.3 Alveolar lateral／l230

Questions and exercises234

Key terms and concepts234

20．APPROXIMANTS235

20.1 Frictionlessness-the most important thing235

20 2 Post-alveolar approximant／r236

20.3 Main allophones of／r239

20.4 Linking／r／and intrusive／r240

20.5 Unrounded palatal semi-vowel ／j242

20.6 Main allophones of／j244

20.7 Labio-velar semi-vowel／w245

20.8 Main allophones of／w247

Questions and exercises248

Key tems and concepts248

21．PHONOTACTICS249

21.1 Phonotactics249

21.2 The nature of the English syllable250

21.3 The structure of the English syllable251

21.3.1 Syllable onsets252

21.3.2 Syllable terminations253

21.4 Pronunciation of-s endings256

21.5 Pronunciation of-ed endings258

Key terms and concepts260

Questions and exercises260

22.1 Introduction262

22．PHONOLOGICAL RULES262

22.2 Phonological rules263

22.3 Some English phonemes and their allophones270

22.3.1 The allophones of／P270

22.3.2 The allophones of／b271

22.3.3 The allophones of ／t271

22.3.4 The allophones of／d272

22.3.5 The allophones of／k272

22.3.6 The allophones of／ɡ272

22.3.11 The allophones of／z273

22.3.10 The allophones of／s273

22.3.8 The allophones of／v273

22.3.9 The allophones of／？273

22.3.7 The allophones of／d？273

22.3.12 　The allophones of／m274

22.3.13 The allophones of／n274

22.3.14 The allophones of／？274

Key tems and concepts275

Questions and exercises275

23．WORD ACCENTUAL PATTERNS276

23.1 Accent276

23.2 What makes a syllable more prominent？277

23.3 Primary and secondary accentuation278

23.4 Word accentual patterns279

23.5 Compound words281

23.6 Accentuation of idiomatic expressions284

23.7 The intermediate accent rule286

23.8 Chinese word accentual patterns288

23.9 Placement of accent within the word289

23.9.1 The verb rule289

23.9.2 The noun rule291

23.9.3 The adjective rule292

23.10 Word accent mistakes heard from Chinese learners292

Key terms and concepts293

Questions and exercises294

24．ENGLISH RHYTHM295

24.1 Rhythm295

24.2 Syllable-timed rhythm and stress-timed rhythm297

24.3 Foot299

24.4 Influence of rhythm upon the length of RP vowels301

24.5 Is Chinese a syllable-timed language？303

Key terms and concepts304

Questions and exercises304

25.2 What is assimilation？309

25.1 Introduction309

25．NATURALPROCESSES AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES309

25.3 Types of assimilation311

25.4 Elision316

25.5 Liaison318

25.6 Juncture319

25.7 Some examples of the Chinese language321

25.8 Distinctive features322

25.8.1 The major class features322

25.8.2 Manner features323

25.8.4 Place of articulation features324

25.8.3 Tongue body features324

25.8.6 Subsidiary features325

25.8.7 Prosodic features325

25.8.5 Lip shape features325

25.9 Natural classes326

25.10 Natural processes329

Key tems and concepts330

Questions and exercises330

PART THREE ENGLISH INTONATION333

26．INTRODUTION333

27.1 Types of nuclear tone335

27．NUCLEAR TONES IN RECEIVED335

PRONUNCIATION335

27.2 Low Fall337

27.3 High Fall337

27.4 Low Rise338

27.5 High Rise340

27.6 Fall-Rise341

27.7 Fall+Rise343

27.8 Rise-Fall348

27.10 Nucleus and the nuclear tail350

27.9 Mid-Level350

Key terms and concepts354

Questions and exercises355

28．TONE UNIT357

28.1 Definition357

28.2 How to divide a message into tone units358

28.3 Tone unit identification361

28.4 Internal structure of the tone unit363

28.5 Head patterns366

28.5.1 The low head366

28.5.2 The high head367

28.5.3 The falling head368

28.5.4 The rising head369

28.6 Pre-heads370

28.6.1 The low pre-head371

28.6.2 The high pre-head372

Key terms and concepts374

Questions and exercises374

29．ACCENTUAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION377

29.1 Types of tonic placement377

29.1.1 Neutral tonic377

29.1.2 Marked tonic378

29.2.1 Tonic placement for emphasis379

29.2 Tonic placement rules379

29.2.2 Tonic placement for focusing new information381

29.2.3 Syntagmatic focus383

Key terms and concepts384

Questions and exercises384

30．GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF387

INTONATION387

30.1 Tonality and tonicity388

30.2 Tone392

Questions and exercises397

Key terns and concepts397

3 1．DISCOURSE FUNCTION AND ATTITUDINAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION398

31.1 The discourse function of intonation398

31.1.1 Tone398

31.1.2 Tonicity399

31.1.3 Intonational subordination401

31.2 The attitudinal function of intonation402

31.3 Other devices for signalling attitudes404

Key terns and concepts405

Questions and exercises406

32．TONE SELECTION408

32.1 Statements409

32.2 Wh-questions414

32.3 Yes／No questions416

32.4 Tag-questions418

32.5 Commands and requests419

32.6 Exclamations and greetings421

32.7 Emphasis424

Key terms and concepts427

Questions and exercises427

33．TONE SEQUENCES429

Key terms and concepts432

Questions and exercises432

34.1 Grammar and intonation435

34．PROBLEMS OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN LEARNING BRITISH ENGLISH INTONATION435

34.2 Pitch and accents438

34.3 Accents and the nucleus441

34.4 Summary445

Questions and exercises445

APPENDIX Ⅰ Answers to Exercises448

APPENDIXⅡ RP Dictation459

APPENDIXⅢ Abbreviations462

REFERENCES464

INDEX（with Chinese translation）476

王宗炎后记501