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PART Ⅰ THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY3

CHAPTER 1 GALILEAN TRANSFORMATIONS3

1.1 Events and Coordinates3

1.2 Galilean Coordinate Transformations4

1.3 Galilean Velocity Transformations4

1.4 Galilean Acceleration Transformations4

1.5 Invariance of an Equation4

CHAPTER 2 THE POSTULATES OF EINSTEIN10

2.1 Absolute Space and the Ether10

2.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment10

2.3 Length and Time Measurements—A Question of Principle10

2.4 The Postulates of Einstein11

CHAPTER 3 THE LORENTZ COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS15

3.1 The Constancy of the Speed of Light15

3.2 The Invariance of Maxwell's Equations16

3.3 General Considerations in Solving Problems Involving Lorentz Transformations16

3.4 Simultaneity16

CHAPTER 4 RELATIVISTIC LENGTH CONTRACTION20

4.1 The Definition of Length20

CHAPTER 5 RELATIVISTIC TIME DILATION23

5.1 Proper Time23

5.2 Time Dilation23

CHAPTER 6 RELATIVISTIC SPACE-TIME MEASUREMENTS27

CHAPTER 7 RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY TRANSFORMATIONS37

7.1 The Lorentz Velocity Transformations and the Speed of Light37

7.2 General Considerations in Solving Velocity Problems38

7.3 The Relativistic Doppler Efrect38

CHAPTER 8 MASS,ENERGY,AND MOMENTUM IN RELATIVITY45

8.1 The Need to Redefine Classical Momentum45

8.2 The Variation of Mass with Velocity45

8.3 Newton's Second Law in Relativity46

8.4 Mass and Energy Relationship:E＝mc246

8.5 Momentum and Energy Relationship46

8.6 Units for Energy and Momentum47

8.7 General Considerations in Solving Mass-Energy Problems47

PART Ⅱ THE QUANTUM THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND MATTER59

CHAPTER 9 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION—PHOTONS59

9.1 The Theory of Photons59

9.2 The Photoelectric Efrect60

9.3 The Compton Effect61

9.4 Pair Production and Annihilation62

9.5 Absorption of Photons63

CHAPTER 10 MATTER WAVES80

10.1 De Broglie Waves80

10.2 Experimental Verification of De Broglie's Hypothesis81

10.3 The Probability Interpretation of De Broglie Waves82

10.4 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle83

PART Ⅲ HYDROGENLIKE ATOMS103

CHAPTER 11 THE BOHR ATOM103

11.1 The Hydrogen Spectrum103

11.2 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom103

11.3 Emission of Radiation in Bohr's Theory104

11.4 Energy Level Diagrams107

11.5 Hydrogenic Atoms107

CHAPTER 12 ELECTRON ORBITAL MOTION117

12.1 Orbital Angular Momentum from a Classical Viewpoint117

12.2 Classical Magnetic Dipole Moment118

12.3 Classical Energy of a Magnetic Dipole Moment in an External Magnetic Field119

12.4 The Zeeman Experiment119

12.5 Quantization of the Magnitude of the Orbital Angular Momentum119

12.6 Quantization of the Direction of the Orbital Angular Momentum120

12.7 Explanation of the Zeeman Effect120

CHAPTER 13 ELECTRON SPIN126

13.1 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment126

13.2 Electron Spin127

13.3 Spin-Orbit Coupling128

13.4 Fine Structure128

13.5 Total Angular Momentum(The Vector Model)129

PART Ⅳ MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS135

CHAPTER 14 THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE135

14.1 Quantum.Mechanical Systems with More Than One Electron135

14.2 The Pauli Exclusion Principle135

14.3 A Single Particle in a One-Dimensional Box135

14.4 Many Particles in a One-Dimensional Box136

CHAPTER 15 MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE140

15.1 Spectroscopic Notation for Electron Configurations in Atoms140

15.2 The Periodic Table and an Atomic Shell Model141

15.3 Spectroscopic Notation for Atomic States142

15.4 Atomic Excited States and LS Coupling142

15.5 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect143

CHAPTER 16 X-RAYS157

16.1 X-Ray Apparatus157

16.2 Production of Bremsstrahlung157

16.3 Production of Characteristic X-Ray Spectra158

16.4 The Moseley Relation160

16.5 X-Ray Absorption Edges160

16.6 Auger Effect161

16.7 X-Ray Fluorescence161

PART Ⅴ NUCLEAR PHYSICS173

CHAPTER 17 PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI173

17.1 The Nucleons173

17.2 Nucleon Forces174

17.3 The Deuteron174

17.4 Nuclei174

17.5 The Nucleus as a Sphere175

17.6 Nuclear Binding Energy175

CHAPTER 18 NUCLEAR MODELS181

18.1 Liquid Drop Model181

18.2 Shell Model182

CHAPTER 19 THE DECAY OF UNSTABLE NUCLEI193

19.1 Nuclear Decay193

19.2 The Statistical Radioactive Decay Law193

19.3 Gamma Decay194

19.4 Alpha Decay194

19.5 Beta Decay and the Neutrino195

CHAPTER 20 NUCLEAR REACTIONS207

20.1 Notation207

20.2 Classification of Nuclear Reactions207

20.3 Laboratory and Center-of-Mass Systems208

20.4 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions209

20.5 Nuclear Cross Sections210

20.6 Nuclear Fission210

20.7 Nuclear Fusion211

CHAPTER 21 PARTICLE PHYSICS224

21.1 Particle Genealogy224

21.2 Particle Interactions224

21.3 Conservation Laws226

21.4 Conservation of Leptons227

21.5 Conservation of Baryons227

21.6 Conservation of Strangeness227

21.7 Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Parity227

21.8 Short-Lived Particles and the Resonances228

21.9 The Eightfold Way229

21.10 Quarks230

PART VI ATOMIC SYSTEMS245

CHAPTER 22 MOLECULES245

22.1 Molecular Bonding245

22.2 Excitations of Diatomic Molecules246

CHAPTER 23 KINETIC THEORY259

23.1 Average Values in a Gas259

23.2 The Ideal Gas Law259

CHAPTER 24 DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS268

24.1 Discrete Distribution Functions268

24.2 Continuous Distribution Functions269

24.3 Fundamental Distribution Functions and Density of States270

CHAPTER 25 CLASSICAL STATISTICS:THE MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION276

CHAPTER 26 QUANTUM STATISTICS:FERMI-DIRAC AND BOSE-EINSTEIN DISTRIBUTIONS287

26.1 Fermi-Dirac Statistics287

26.2 Bose-Einstein Statistics288

26.3 High-Temperature Limit288

26.4 Two Useful Integrals289

26.5 Blackbody Radiation289

26.6 Free Electron Theory of Metals292

26.7 Specific Heats of Crystalline Solids296

26.8 The Quantum-Mechanical Ideal Gas301

26.9 Derivation of the Quantum Distribution Functions305

CHAPTER 27 SOLIDS309

27.1 The Band Theory of Solids309

27.2 Superconductivity318

Appendix325

Some Fundamental Constants in Convenient Units325

Some Useful Conversions325

Masses of Some Particles325

Masses of Neutral Atoms326

Index333