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PART ONE THE WORD1

Ⅰ.Appropriateness and Exactness1

A..Appropriateness1

1.Standard and nonstandard English1

2.Usage Labels2

3.Formal,Informal,and General Written English3

4.Four Types of Words6

B.Exactness8

1.Spedificity8

2.Denotation and Connotation10

3.Euphemisms12

4.Triteness12

Ⅱ.Vocabulary14

PART TWO THE SENTENCE17

ⅠUnity17

A.Fragments17

B.Pronoun Reference18

Ⅱ.Coherence20

A. Subject-Verb Agreement20

B.Pronoun Refernce22

C.Parallelism23

D.Misplaced and Dangling Modifiera25

1.Misplaced Modifiera25

2.Dangling Modifiera26

2.Incomplete Contruction28

1.Mixed Contruction28

E.Mixed and Incomplete Contruction28

F.Incompatible Tenses30

G.Abrupt and Confusing Shifts in Point of View30

1.Shift form Past to Present Tense30

2.Shift form Active to Present Tense31

3.Shift form Singular to Plural31

4.Shift form Onr Mood to Another31

5.Shift form Statement to Question31

Ⅲ.Emphasis31

A.Pcsition32

B.Emphatic Word,Phrases,and Structures33

D.Repetition35

C.Order od Climax35

E.Subordination36

Ⅳ.Conciseness36

A.Extra Word and Empty Words37

B.Weak Intendifiers and Quslifiers38

C.Circumlocutions38

D.Redundancy39

Ⅴ.Variety39

A.Lengtb40

B.Grammatical Structures40

1.Three Kinds of Rhetorically Considered Sentences-Loos,Peridic,and Baland Sentences40

2.Active and Passive Voices42

Ⅰ.Topic Sentence and Controlling Iden45

PART THREE THE PARAGRAPH45

Ⅱ.Unity47

Ⅲ.Methods of Development50

A.Chronological Description50

B.Cause-and-Effect Analysls52

C.Pross Analysis54

D.Comparison and Contrast55

E.Listing56

F.General-to-Specific Order58

G.Specific-to-Grneral Order60

H.Definition62

I.Classification64

J.Order of Climax65

Ⅳ.Coherence66

A.Three Essential Elements of Patagraph Coherence Order,Trandition,and Sentence Combining66

B.Transitional Devices70

1.Transitional Word and Phtases71

2.Repitition of Key Word and Phrases74

PART FOUR THE ESSAY76

Ⅰ.The General Structure76

A.The Inteoduction76

B.The Body Paragraph77

C.The Conclusion78

Ⅱ.From Paragraph to Essay79

B.Choosing Your Subject84

A.Dfining Youer Purpose84

C.Identifying Your Audience86

D.Forming a Rhesis Statement87

E.Outlining89

1.The Format of the Ourline89

2.The Topic Outline and the Sentence Outline89

Ⅳ.Types of Writing97

A.Narration97

1.Narrative Detail98

2.Narrative Variety98

3.Narrative Order99

5.Sample Narrative Essays100

4.Structuring a Narrative Essay100

B.Description108

1.Objective and subjective Desceittions109

2.Objective and subjective Language112

3.Selection of Detail113

4.Structuring a Descriptive Essay114

5.Sample Descriptive Essays115

C.Argumentation124

1.Choosing a Topic125

2.Taking a Stand126

3.Gatthering Your nAudience127

4.Analyzing Your Audience127

5.Deduction and Induction Argument128

6.Fallacies of Argument132

7.Structuring an Argumentative Essay134

8.Sample Argumenttative Essays135

D.Expisition145

1.Developing a Topic145

sample Expository Essay1146

2.Explaining aProcess148

sample Expository Essay2148

3.Description in Exposition150

sample Expository Essay3151

4.Narration in Exposition152

sample Expository Essay4153

PART FIVE THE RESEARCH ESSAY157

Ⅰ.The Research Procedure157

A.Choosing a Subject159

Ⅱ.The Investigative Process159

B.Reading160

C.Preparing a Bibliography161

1.The Working Bibliography162

2.The Form of the Working Bibliography163

3.The Final Bibliography169

D.Taking Notes170

1.The Form of Notes171

2.Suggestions fpr Note-taking172

3.The Summarizing Note174

Ⅲ.Writing the Paper176

B.The Rule for Placing Footnote Numbers within the Text179

A.Two Kinds of Footnotes179

Ⅳ.Footnoting179

C.The Article Footnote180

D.The Article Footnite181

E.Differences Between Footnote and Bibliography Forms in the Humanities182

F.Abbreviations in Footnotes183

G.Format185

1.The Title Page185

2.The Outline186

3.The Body of the Research Paper186

4.Chapters186

5.Conclusion186

6.Footnote Numerals186

9.Italics187

10.Margins187

7.Footnotes187

8.Introduction187

Ⅴ.Two Sample Research Paper188

PART SIX THE LETTER AND THE RESUME213

Ⅰ.The Letter213

A.General Information213

1.The Heading213

2.The Margin215

3.The Salutation215

4.The Body215

5.The Complimentary Close215

8.The Envelope216

6.The Signature216

7.The Postscript216

B.The Personal Letter217

1.The Salutaion217

2.The body217

3.The Complientary Ciose219

4.The Signature219

5.Sample Personal Letters219

C.The Business Letter221

1.The Heading221

2.The Salutation222

3.The Bodt222

6.Sample Business Letters224

4.The Complimentary Close224

5.The Signature224

Ⅱ.The Resume227

A.Heading227

B.Statement of Personal Goals227

C.Information about Schooling227

D.Details of Work Experirnce228

E.A Sanple Resume228

PART SENEV THE TECHNICAL REPORT230

ⅠWriting Informal Reports230

A.Informal Report on a Meeting231

B.Informal Report on a Laboratory Investigation235

C.Informal Report on the Progress of an Investigation250

Ⅱ.Writing Formal Reports252

A.Reasons for Making a Formal Presentation253

B.Typical Repory Contents253

1.Prefatory Pages254

2.Introductory Summary257

3.Report Proper258

4.Aooendixes263

C.A Sample Formal Report263

PART EIGHT PUNCTUATION285

Apostrophe(')285

Asterisk(*)287

Colon(:)288

Brackets([ ])288

Comma(,)289

Dash(—)296

Ellipsis(…）297

Exclamation Point(!)297

Hyphen(-)297

Period (Full Stop)(.)299

Question Mark(?)300

QuotationMatks(" "and' ')300

Semicolon(;)301

Slash(/)302

Underlining(Italics)302

BIBLIIGRAPHY304