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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 History of Chemistry2

1.2 Chemistry in Medicine3

1.3 Measurement of Matter:the SI Unit7

1.4 Quantitative Ways of Expressing Concentration10

1.5 Chapter Summary15

Review Questions15

Answers16

References17

Chapter 2 Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions18

2.1 Vapor Pressure Lowering19

2.2 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression21

2.3 Osmotic Pressure24

2.4 Chapter Summary29

Review Questions30

Answers31

References31

Chapter 3 Electrolyte Solution32

3.1 Theory of Strong Electrolyte Solution33

3.2 Proton Theory of Acids and Bases36

3.3 Calculating the pH of Acid and Base Solution42

3.4 Chapter Summary56

Review Questions57

Answers58

References59

Chapter 4 Buffer Solution60

4.1 Buffer Solution and How a Buffer Works60

4.2 Calculating the pH ofa Buffer Solution62

4.3 Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range64

4.4 Preparing Buffer Solutions66

4.5 Buffer Solution in Human Blood68

4.6 Chapter Summary70

Review Questions71

Answers72

References73

Chapter 5 Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Ionic Compounds74

5.1 The Solubility Product Constant,Ksp74

5.2 The Relationship between Solubility and Ksp75

5.3 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate:Q vs.Ksp77

5.4 Equilibria Shift77

5.5 Application of Ionic Equilibria to Medicine82

5.6 Chapter Summary83

Review Questions84

Answers86

References86

Chapter 6 Colloids and Emulsions87

6.1 Introduction87

6.2 Colloid87

6.3 Sol88

6.4 Polymer Solution94

6.5 Chapter Summary96

Review Questions96

Answers97

References98

Chapter 7 Chemical Thermodynamics99

7.1 The First Law:The Concepts100

7.2 The Extent of Chemical Reactions107

7.3 Indirect Determination of △H:Hess's Law110

7.4 Energy Values of Food116

7.5 Chapter Summary118

Review Questions119

Answers120

References121

Chapter 8 The Direction and Equilibrium of Chemical Reactions122

8.1 Spontaneity:The Meaning of Spontaneous Change123

8.2 Entropy and Entropy Change123

8.3 Free Energy and Free Energy Change125

8.4 Standard Free Energy Change,△G？127

8.5 Relationship of △G？ to △G for Nonstandard Conditions128

8.6 Relationship of △G？ to the Equilibrium Constant K？129

8.7 Criteria for Spontaneous Change129

8.8 Altering Equilibrium Conditions:Le Ch？terlier's Principle130

8.9 The Le Chátelier's Principle in Physiology133

8.10 Chapter Summary133

Review Questions134

Answers136

References137

Chapter 9 Kinetics:Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions138

9.1 The Rates of Chemical Reactions139

9.2 Rate Laws and Reaction Order141

9.3 Rate Constant and Reaction Order144

9.4 Reaction Mechanisms:Steps in the Overall Reaction149

9.5 Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics153

9.6 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates157

9.7 Catalysis158

9.8 Chapter Summary162

Review Questions163

Chapter 10 Electrochemistry166

10.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions166

10.2 Voltaic Cell168

10.3 Electrode Potentials170

10.4 Free Energy and Electrical Work174

10.5 Predicting Spontaneous Reactions for Nonstandard Conditions178

10.6 Chapter Summary178

Review Questions179

Answers181

References181

Chapter 11 Atomic Structure and Periodical Table183

11.1 The Discovery of Atomic Structure184

11.2 Atomic Spectrum and the Bohr Model of the Atom185

11.3 The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy188

11.4 The Atomic Orbital and the Probable Location of the Electron190

11.5 Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals191

11.6 Electron Configurations196

11.7 The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table200

11.8 Chapter Summary205

Review Questions206

Answers208

References210

Chapter 12 Covalent Bonding and Intermolecular Forces211

12.1 The Covalent Bonding Model212

12.2 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals220

12.3 Molecular Orbital (MO)Theory227

12.4 Delocalized Electrons:Bonding in the Benzene Molecule234

12.5 Intermolecular Forces235

12.6 Chapter Summary241

Review Questions242

Answers244

References245

Chapter 13 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds246

13.1 The Structure of Complexes247

13.2 Formulas and Names of Coordination Complexes247

13.3 Isomerism248

13.4 Chemical Bond Theories of Complexes249

13.5 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibrium254

13.6 Metals and Chelates in Living Systems256

13.7 Chapter Summary257

Review Questions258

Chapter 14 Acid-Base Titration260

14.1 Getting Started:Some Terminology260

14.2 Significant Figures261

14.3 Acid-Base Indicator262

14.4 Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base263

14.5 Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base264

14.6 Standardization of Acid(Base)Using a Primary Standard268

14.7 Chapter Summary269

Review Questions270

Chapter 15 UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy272

15.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopic Regions272

15.2 Beer-Lambert Law272

15.3 UV/Vis Absorbance Bands and Structures273

Review Questions275

Notes276

Index278

Appendix A—H283