量子力学 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Introduction1

Part Ⅰ Basic features of quantum mechanics7

1 From classical mechanics to quantum mechanics7

1.1 Review of the foundations of classical mechanics7

1.2 An interferometry experiment and its consequences12

1.3 State as vector20

1.4 Quantum probability28

1.5 The historical need of a new mechanics31

Summary40

Problems41

Further reading42

2 Quantum observables and states43

2.1 Basic features of quantum observables43

2.2 Wave function and basic observables68

2.3 Uncertainty relation82

2.4 Quantum algebra and quantum logic92

Summary96

Problems97

Further reading99

3 Quantum dynamics100

3.1 The Schr？dinger equation101

3.2 Properties of the Schr？dinger equation107

3.3 Schr？dinger equation and Galilei transformations111

3.4 One-dimensional free particle in a box113

3.5 Unitary transformations117

3.6 Different pictures125

3.7 Time derivatives and the Ehrenfest theorem129

3.8 Energy-time uncertainty relation130

3.9 Towards a time operator135

Summary138

Problems139

Further reading140

4 Examples of quantum dynamics141

4.1 Finite potential wells141

4.2 Potential barrier145

4.3 Tunneling150

4.4 Harmonic oscillator154

4.5 Quantum particles in simple fields165

Summary169

Problems170

5 Density matrix174

5.1 Basic formalism174

5.2 Expectation values and measurement outcomes177

5.3 Time evolution and density matrix179

5.4 Statistical properties of quantum mechanics180

5.5 Compound systems181

5.6 Pure-and mixed-state representation187

Summary188

Problems189

Further reading190

Part Ⅱ More advanced topics193

6 Angular momentum and spin193

6.1 Orbital angular momentum193

6.2 Special examples207

6.3 Spin217

6.4 Composition of angular momenta and total angular momentum226

6.5 Angular momentum and angle239

Summary241

Problems242

Further reading244

7 Identical particles245

7.1 Statistics and quantum mechanics245

7.2 Wave function and symmetry247

7.3 Spin and statistics249

7.4 Exchange interaction254

7.5 Two recent applications255

Summary257

Problems257

Further reading258

8 Symmetries and conservation laws259

8.1 Quantum transformations and symmetries259

8.2 Continuous symmetries264

8.3 Discrete symmetries266

8.4 A brief introduction to group theory267

Summary275

Problems275

Further reading276

9 The measurement problem in quantum mechanics277

9.1 Statement of the problem278

9.2 A brief history of the problem284

9.3 Schr？dinger cats291

9.4 Decoherence297

9.5 Reversibility/irreversibility308

9.6 Interaction-free measurement315

9.7 Delayed-choice experiments320

9.8 Quantum Zeno effect322

9.9 Conditional measurements or postselection325

9.10 Positive operator valued measure327

9.11 Quantum non-demolition measurements335

9.12 Decision and estimation theory341

Summary349

Problems351

Further reading353

Part Ⅲ Matter and light357

10 Perturbations and approximation methods357

10.1 Stationary perturbation theory357

10.2 Time-dependent perturbation theory366

10.3 Adiabatic theorem369

10.4 The variational method371

10.5 Classical limit372

10.6 Semiclassical limit and WKB approximation378

10.7 Scattering theory384

10.8 Path integrals389

Summary398

Problems399

Further reading399

11 Hydrogen and helium atoms401

11.1 Introduction401

11.2 Quantum theory of the hydrogen atom403

11.3 Atom and magnetic field413

11.4 Relativistic corrections423

11.5 Helium atom426

11.6 Many-electron effects431

Summary436

Problems437

Further reading438

12 Hydrogen molecular ion439

12.1 The molecular problem439

12.2 Born-Oppenheimer approximation440

12.3 Vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom443

12.4 The Morse potential447

12.5 Chemical bonds and further approximations449

Summary453

Problems453

Further reading454

13 Quantum optics455

13.1 Quantization of the electromagnetic field457

13.2 Thermodynamic equilibrium of the radiation field462

13.3 Phase-number uncertainty relation463

13.4 Special states of the electromagnetic field465

13.5 Quasi-probability distributions474

13.6 Quantum-optical coherence481

13.7 Atom-field interaction484

13.8 Geometric phase497

13.9 The Casimir effect501

Summary506

Problems507

Further reading509

Part Ⅳ Quantum information:state and correlations513

14 Quantum theory of open systems513

14.1 General considerations514

14.2 The master equation516

14.3 A formal generalization523

14.4 Quantum jumps and quantum trajectories528

14.5 Quantum optics and Schr？dinger cats533

Summary540

Problems541

Further reading542

15 State measurement in quantum mechanics544

15.1 Protective measurement of the state544

15.2 Quantum cloning and unitarity violation548

15.3 Measurement and reversibility550

15.4 Quantum state reconstruction554

15.5 The nature of quantum states564

Summary565

Problems565

Further reading566

16 Entanglement:non-separability567

16.1 EPR568

16.2 Bohm's version of the EPR state573

16.3 HV theories577

16.4 Bell's contribution582

16.5 Experimental tests595

16.6 Bell inequalities with homodyne detection605

16.7 Bell theorem without inequalities613

16.8 What is quantum non-locality？619

16.9 Further developments about inequalities623

16.10 Conclusion625

Summary625

Problems626

Further reading627

17 Entanglement：quantum information and computation628

17.1 Information and entropy628

17.2 Entanglement and information631

17.3 Measurement and information639

17.4 Qubits642

17.5 Teleportation643

17.6 Quantum cryptography646

17.7 Elements of quantum computation650

17.8 Quantum algorithms and error correction659

Summary671

Problems672

Further reading673

Bibliography674

Author index710

Subject index716