美国医师执照考试 High-Yield 组织病理学 第2版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

美国医师执照考试 High-Yield 组织病理学 第2版PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 Nucleus1

Ⅰ．Nuclear Envelope1

Ⅱ．Apoptosis1

Ⅲ．Nucleolus1

Ⅳ．Chromatin2

Ⅴ．Chromosomes2

Ⅵ．Types of DNA Damage and DNA Repair3

Ⅶ．Clinical Importance of DNA Repair3

Ⅷ．Cell Cycle4

Ⅸ．Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes8

Ⅹ．Tumor Suppressor Genes10

Ⅺ．Oncofetal Antigens and Tumor Markers11

Ⅻ．Transcription in Protein Synthesis11

ⅩⅢ．Processing the RNA Transcript into mRNA11

ⅩⅨ Selected Photomicrographs13

2 Cytoplasm and Organelles18

Ⅰ．Cytoplasm18

Ⅱ．Ribosomes18

Ⅲ．Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(rER)19

Ⅳ．Translation20

Ⅴ．Golgi Complex22

Ⅵ．Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(sER)22

Ⅶ．Mitochondria22

Ⅷ．Lvsosomes25

Ⅸ．Peroxisomes25

Ⅹ．Cytoskeleton27

Ⅺ．Lipofuscin28

Ⅻ．Hemosiderin28

ⅩⅢ．Glycogen29

ⅩⅣ．Selected Photomicrographs31

3 The Cell Membrane:Eicosanoids and ReceptorsSignal Transduction36

Ⅰ．The Lipid Component of the Cell Membrane36

Ⅱ．The Protein Component of the Cell Membrane38

Ⅲ．Membrane Transport Proteins38

Ⅳ．G Protein-linked Receptors42

Ⅴ．Types of G Protein-linked Receptors44

Ⅵ．Enzyme-linked Receptors46

Ⅶ．Low-density Lipoprotein(LDL)Receptor48

4 Epithelium49

Ⅰ．Introduction49

Ⅱ．Classification of Epithelium49

Ⅲ．Apical Region50

Ⅳ．Lateral Region51

Ⅴ．Basal Region52

Ⅵ．Clinical Considerations52

Ⅶ．Selected Photomicrographs54

5 Connective Tissue55

Ⅰ．Introduction55

Ⅱ．Ground Substance55

Ⅲ．Fibers55

Ⅳ．Cells56

Ⅴ．Clinical Considerations58

Ⅵ．Selected Photomicrographs60

6 Cartilage62

Ⅰ．Introduction62

Ⅱ．Ground Substance62

Ⅲ．Fibers62

Ⅳ．Cells62

Ⅴ．Blood Vessels and Nerves62

Ⅵ．Chondrogenesis63

Ⅶ．Hormonal Influence63

Ⅷ．Repair63

7 Bone64

Ⅰ．Introduction64

Ⅱ．Ground Substance64

Ⅲ．Fibers64

Ⅳ．Cells64

Ⅴ．Blood Vessels and Nerves65

Ⅵ．Osteogenesis65

Ⅶ．Bone Repair66

Ⅷ．Hormonal Influence66

Ⅸ．Cartilage and Bone Comparison67

Ⅹ．Clinical Considerations of Bone67

Ⅺ．Clinical Considerations of Joints68

Ⅻ．Selected Photomicrographs69

8 Muscle73

Ⅰ．Skeletal Muscle73

Ⅱ．Cardiac Muscle77

Ⅲ．Smooth Muscle77

Ⅳ．Comparisons and Contrasts of Skeletal．Cardiac．and Smooth Muscle79

Ⅴ．Selected Photomicrographs80

9 Nervous Tissue83

Ⅰ．The Neuron83

Ⅱ．Neurotransmitters85

Ⅲ．Parasympathetic Pharmacology86

Ⅳ．Sympathetic Pharmacology86

Ⅴ．Neuroglial Cells87

Ⅵ．The Blood-Brain Barrier(BB)88

Ⅶ．Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration88

Ⅷ．Clinical Considerations88

Ⅸ．Selected Photomicrographs92

10 Heart and Blood Vessels97

Ⅰ．Heart Layers97

Ⅱ．Cardiac Myocytes97

Ⅲ．Purkinje Myocytes99

Ⅳ．Myocardial Endocrine Cells99

Ⅴ．Conduction System100

Ⅵ．Parasympathetic Regulation of Heart Rate102

Ⅶ．Sympathetic Regulation of Heart Rate102

Ⅷ．Clinical Consideration:Myocardial Infarction(MI)103

Ⅸ．Tunics of Blood Vessels105

Ⅹ．Types of Blood Vessels107

Ⅺ．Functions of Endothelium107

Ⅻ．Clinical Considerations108

11 Blood111

Ⅰ．Plasma111

Ⅱ．Red Blood Cells111

Ⅲ．Hemoglobin(Hb)113

Ⅳ．Clinical Considerations114

Ⅴ．White Blood Cells117

Ⅵ．Platelets(Thrombocytes)118

Ⅶ．Hemostasis(Blood Clotting)119

Ⅷ．Clinical Considerations121

Ⅸ．Red Bone Marrow(Myeloid Tissue)122

Ⅹ．Selected Photomicrographs123

12 Thymus130

Ⅰ．General Features130

Ⅱ．Thymic Cortex．130

Ⅲ．Thymic Medulla130

Ⅳ．Types of Mature T Cells131

Ⅴ．Blood-Thymus Barrier132

Ⅵ．T Cell Lymphopoiesis(T Cell Formation)132

Ⅶ．Clinical Considerations134

Ⅷ．Selected Photomicrographs134

13 Lymph Node135

Ⅰ．General Features135

Ⅱ．Outer Cortex136

Ⅲ．Inner Cortex136

Ⅳ．Medulla136

Ⅴ．Flow of Lymph136

Ⅵ．Flow of Blood136

Ⅶ．B-Cell Lymphopoiesis(B-cell Formation)136

Ⅷ．Cytokines138

Ⅸ．Clinical Consideration141

14 Spleen143

Ⅰ．General Features143

Ⅱ．White Pulp143

Ⅲ．Marginal Zone143

Ⅳ．Red Pulp143

Ⅴ．Blood Flow145

Ⅵ．Clinical Considerations145

Ⅶ．Hypersensitivity Reactions145

15 Esophagus and Stomach147

Esophagus147

Ⅰ．General Features147

Ⅱ．Mucosa147

Ⅲ．Submucosa147

Ⅳ．Muscularis Externa147

Ⅴ．Gastroesophageal(GE)Junction147

Ⅵ．Clinical Considerations148

Stomach148

Ⅰ．General Features148

Ⅱ．Gastric Mucosa148

Ⅲ．Gastric Glands148

Ⅳ．Clinical Considerations150

16 Small Intestine152

Ⅰ．General Features152

Ⅱ．Intestinal Mucosa152

Ⅲ．Intestinal Glands (Crypts of Lieberkühn)154

Ⅳ．Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue(GALT;Peyer Patches)155

Ⅴ．Clinical Considerations156

17 Large Intestine(Colon)160

Ⅰ．General Features160

Ⅱ．Large Intestinal Mucosa160

Ⅲ．Intestinal Glands160

Ⅳ．GUT-Associated Lymphatic Tissue(GALT)160

Ⅴ．Anal Canal160

Ⅵ．Clinical Considerations162

18 Liver and Gallbladder165

Ⅰ．Hepatocytes165

Ⅱ．Kupffer Cells168

Ⅲ．Hepatic Stellate Cells(Fat-Storing Cells;ITO Cells)168

Ⅳ．Classic Liver Lobule168

Ⅴ．Liver Acinus169

Ⅵ．Repair(Regeneration)170

Ⅶ．Clinical Considerations170

Ⅷ．Selected Photomicrographs172

19 Exocrine Pancreas and Islets of Langerhans175

Ⅰ．Exocrine Pancreas175

Ⅱ．Endocrine Pancreas175

Ⅲ．Clinical Considerations177

Ⅳ．Selected Photomicrographs179

20 Respiratory System183

Ⅰ．General Features183

Ⅱ．Trachea183

Ⅲ．Bronchi183

Ⅳ．Bronchioles184

Ⅴ．Terminal Bronchioles184

Ⅵ．Respiratory Bronchioles184

Ⅶ．Alveolar Ducts184

Ⅷ．Alveoli184

Ⅸ．Surfactant186

Ⅹ．Blood-Air Barrier186

Ⅺ．Air Flow186

Ⅻ．Clinical Considerations187

ⅩⅢ．Selected Photomicrographs190

21 Urinary System196

Ⅰ．General Features196

Ⅱ．Internal Structure of the Kidney196

Ⅲ．Nephrons197

Ⅳ．Collecting Duct(CD)199

Ⅴ．Renal Vasculature202

Ⅵ．Hormonal Control of the Kidney204

Ⅶ．Glomerular Filtration Barrier(GFB)206

Ⅷ．Juxtaglomerular(JG)Complex208

Ⅸ．Pharmacology of Diuretics208

Ⅹ．Clinical Considerations211

22 Hypophysis223

Ⅰ．The Adenohypophysis223

Ⅱ．Hormonal Secretion224

Ⅲ．The Neurohypophysis224

23 Thyroid226

Ⅰ．Thyroid Follicles226

Ⅱ．Follicular Cells226

Ⅲ．Functions of T3 and T4228

Ⅳ．Parafollicular Cells228

Ⅴ Clinical Considerations228

Ⅵ．Pharmacology of the Thyroid230

Ⅶ．Selected Photomicrographs230

24 Parathyroid234

Ⅰ．Chief Cells234

Ⅱ．Oxyphil Cells234

Ⅲ．Calcium Homeostasis234

Ⅳ．Clinical Considerations236

Ⅴ．Pharmacology of Calcium Homeostasis237

Ⅵ．Selected Photomicrographs237

25 Adrenal238

Ⅰ．Cortex238

Ⅱ．The Medulla242

Ⅲ．Selected Photomicrographs244

26 Female Reproductive System251

Ⅰ．Ovary251

Ⅱ．Corpus Luteum252

Ⅲ．Uterine Tubes (fallopian tubes;oviducts)254

Ⅳ．Uterus255

Ⅴ．The Menstrual Cycle256

Ⅵ．Cervix259

Ⅶ．Ectocervix259

Ⅷ．Vagina260

Ⅸ．Histopathology of the Vagina261

Ⅹ．Breast263

Ⅺ．Selected Photomicrographs265

27 Male Reproductive System269

Ⅰ．Testes269

Ⅱ．Duct System277

Ⅲ．Accessory Glands278

28 Skin284

Ⅰ．General Features284

Ⅱ．Epidermis284

Ⅲ．Dermis286

Ⅳ．Glands286

Ⅴ．Nerves286

Ⅵ．Clinical Considerations287

29 Eye290

Ⅰ．General Features290

Ⅱ．Cornea290

Ⅲ．Sclera291

Ⅳ．Limbus291

Ⅴ．Iris291

Ⅵ．Ciliary Body292

Ⅶ．Lens292

Ⅷ．Retina294

Ⅸ．Clinical Considerations295

Ⅹ．Selected Photomicrographs295

30 Ear298

Ⅰ．General Features298

Ⅱ．External Ear298

Ⅲ．Middle Ear298

Ⅳ．Internal Ear299

Ⅴ．Clinical Considerations301

Credits302

Index307