生物化学基本要点 第2版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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CHAPTER 1 WHERE TO START1

Instructions1

What Do I Need to Know?2

Instructions for Use2

Studying and Exams2

Trivia Sorter4

CHAPTER 2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE6

Amino Acid Structure6

Interactions8

Water9

Hydronhobic Interaction9

van der Waals Interactions and London Dispersion Forces11

Hydrogen Bonds11

Secondary Structure12

Protein Stability15

Favorable(Good)Interactions17

Unfavorable(Bad)Interactions17

Temperature-Sensitive Mutations19

Ligand-Binding Specificity20

Global Conclusion21

CHAPTER 3 MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE PROTEINS22

General Membrane Function22

Membrane Composition22

Phospholipid Bilayer24

Membrane Structure25

Posttranslational Modification26

Membrane Fluidity27

Diffusion in Membranes28

Movement of Ions and Molecules Across Membranes28

Transport Across Membranes29

The Nernst Equation31

CHAPTER 4 DNA-RNA STRUCTURE35

DNA Structure35

DNA Stability37

RNA Secondary Structure38

CHAPTER 5 EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION40

Information Metabolism40

Directions and Conventions41

DNA Replication42

Types of DNA Polymerase45

Recombination47

Regulation of Information Metabolism49

Transcription53

Regulation of Transcription55

Translation57

Use of High-Energy Phosphate Bonds During Translation60

CHAPTER 6 RECOMBINANT-DNA METHODOLOGY61

Restriction Analysis61

Gels and Electrophoresis65

Blottine67

Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorpnism69

Cloning70

Sequencing73

Mutagenesis75

Polymerase Chain Reaction76

CHAPTER 7 ENZYME MECHANISM80

Active Site81

Transition State81

Catalysis83

Lock and Key83

Induced Fit83

Nonproductive Binding85

Entropy87

Strain and Distortion88

Transition-State Stabilization88

Transition-State Analogs91

Chemical Catalysis93

CHAPTER 8 ENZYME KINETICS95

S,P,and E(Substrate,Product,Enzyme)96

Amounts and Concentrations96

Active Site97

Assay98

Velocity98

Initial Velocity100

Mechanism101

Little k s102

Michaelis-Menten Equation103

Vmax106

kcat106

Km107

Special Points107

Kcat/Km107

Rate Accelerations108

Steady-State Approximation109

Transformations and Graphs111

Inhibition112

Allosterism and Cooperativity117

The Monod-Wyman-Changeaux Model119

CHAPTER 9 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS123

Signal Transduction Pathways123

Organization124

Signals125

Receptors126

Soluble Receptor127

Transmembrane Receptors128

Enzyme Coupled Receptors128

G-Protein Coupled Receptors131

Ion-Channel Coupled Receptors132

Second Messengers133

Amplifiers136

Integrators137

Inhibitors138

CHAPTER 10 GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS141

Glycolysis Function143

Glycolysis Location143

Glycolysis Connections143

Glycolysis Regulation143

Effect of Arsenate144

Glycolysis ATP Yields144

Glycolysis Equations144

Lactate or Pyruvate145

Gluconeogenesis Function145

Gluconeogenesis Location145

Gluconeogenesis Connections145

Gluconeogenesis Regulation146

Gluconeogenesis ATP Costs146

Gluconeogenesis Equations146

CHAPTER 11 GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION147

Function147

Location147

Connections148

Regulation148

Molecular Features150

ATP Cost150

ATP Yield150

CHAPTER 12 TCA CYCLE153

TCA Cycle153

CHAPTER 13 FAT SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION155

Fatty Acid Synthesis Function156

Fatty Acid Synthesis Location156

Fatty Acid Synthesis Connections157

Fatty Acid Synthesis Regulation157

Fatty Acid Synthesis ATP Costs(for C16)157

Fatty Acid Synthesis Equation159

Elongation and Desaturation160

Triglyceride and Phospholipid Synthesis162

β-Oxidation Regulation164

β-Oxidation Connections164

Carnitine Shuttle164

β-Oxidation Location164

β-Oxidation Function164

β-Oxidation ATP Yield166

β-Oxidation Equation167

β-Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids168

β-Oxidation of Odd-Chain-Length Fatty Acids172

CHAPTER 14 ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION173

Oxidation and Reduction173

The Electron Transport Chain174

Connections176

Regulation178

P/O Ratios178

Uncouplers179

Inhibitors180

Pentose Phosphate Pathway183

CHAPTER 15 PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY183

CHAPTER 16 AMINO ACID METABOLISM186

Nonessential Amino Acid Synthesis186

Essential Amino Acids187

Amino Acid Degradation187

Generalities of Amino Acid Catabolism187

Products of Amino Acid Degradation188

CHAPTER 17 INTEGRATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM190

Integrating Metabolic Pathways191

ATP192

Glucose192

Storage Molecules193

Metabolic States and Signals194

Insulin195

Glucagon196

Epinephrine197

Secondary Signals198

Generalities of Metabolism199

Phosphorylation202

Glycogen204

Metabolic Movements of Glycogen205

Fat207

Metabolic Movements of Fat207

Protein209

Metabolic Movements of Protein209

Tissue Cooperation211

Liver212

Muscle212

Adipose212

Brain213

Connection of Storage Pools213

Fastine214

Feeding214

Starvation217

Excitement219

Interorgan Cycles221

Cori Cycle221

Alanine Cycle222

Ketone Bodies223

CHAPTER 18 UREA CYCLE225

Urea Cycle225

CHAPTER 19 PURINE METABOLISM227

Purine Synthesis227

Purine Salvage228

Deoxynucleotides228

Purine Degradation229

Pyrimidine Synthesis230

CHAPTER 20 PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM230

Pyrimidine Salvage231

Pyrimidine Degradation232

CHAPTER 21 ONE-CARBON METABOLISM233

One-Carbon Metabolism233

Oxidation States of Carbon233

CHAPTER 22 TRACKING CARBONS236

Glucose to Pyruvate236

TCA Cycle238

CHAPTER 23 ph, pKA, pROBLEMS241

Proton:H+or H3O+242

Acid242

Base242

Not All Acids and Bases Are Created Equal243

Weak Acids Make Strong Bases(and Vice Versa)244

pKα=-log(Kα)244

Who Gets the Proton?245

Don t Forget Stoichiometry245

The Sadistic Little p246

Taking log10(x)247

Taking-log10(x)247

pH=-log10[H+]248

pKα=-log10(Kα)248

Buffers248

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation249

Titration Curves250

pI-Isoelectric Point254

The Bicarbonate Buffer255

Imbalance in Blood pH257

Acidosis and Alkalosis258

Thermodvnamics261

CHAPTER 24 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS261

Free Energy263

Adding Free-Energy Changes268

Coupling Free Energies268

Thermodynamic Cycles269

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS272

Driving Force273

Kinetics275

Velocity275

Transition State Theory276

Rate Constants277

Rate Constants and Mechanism283

Appendix284

Glossary287

Index319