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1 Some History and Background1

SPACE HISTORY—THE BRICK MOON AND ALL THAT1

W.McDougall,the Heavens and the Earth [The A-4]3

W.McDougall,the Heavens and the Earth [Early Space Law]5

Some Observations10

Further Reading11

THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT11

Where Does Space Begin?11

What's It Like Up There?12

Meteoroids and Micrometeoroids13

Vacuum and Microgravity13

Getting There and Staying There14

Rockets and Propulsion16

When You Are There:What People Do in Space18

Byerly,The Commercial/Industrial Uses of Space18

Power Stations in the Sky20

Further Reading23

2 The International Law of Outer Space:Basic Principles25

Introduction25

The Roots of Space Law27

Air and Sea Law:Rules Governing Overflight and Territorial Waters28

DeSaussure,Maritime and Space Law28

I.White,Decision-Making for Space36

Center for Research of Air and Space Law,Space Activities and Emerging International Law38

Notes42

UN Efforts and Aspirations43

McDougal ＆ Lipson,Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space43

Notes46

3 Early Treaties Governing Activity in Outer Space49

Jessup ＆ Taubenfeld,The United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space50

The Limited Test Ban Treaty52

Multilateral Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests53

Note55

Matte,The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere,in Outer Space and Under Water55

Note61

The Outer Space Treaty of 196762

Multilateral Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States63

Note68

Dembling ＆ Arons,The Evolution of the Outer Space Treaty [Outer Space Treaty of 1967]69

Note77

Sovereignty,Property Rights,and Space Resources77

Christol,Article 2 of the 1967 Principles Treaty Revisited78

Notes82

Arms Control Provisions83

Orr,The Treaty on Outer Space83

Note88

Gorove,Arms Control Provisions in the Outer Space Treaty89

Notes93

4 Development and Defense:Treaties of the 1970s95

The ABM Treaty96

Background97

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [ABM Treaty]97

Note98

The ABM "Reinterpretation,"98

Notes100

The Moon Treaty102

Agreement on Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies102

Nash,Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law110

Note115

Spitz,Note,SPACE LAW—Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies115

Notes116

Galloway,Issues in Implementing the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies117

Note118

Walsh,Controversial Issues Under Article ⅩⅠ of the Moon Treaty119

Notes120

Reynolds ＆ Merges,The Role of Commercial Development121

Organizational Structures for Carrying Out the Moon Treaty121

Galloway,Issues in Implementing the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies122

Notes123

Christol,Alternative Models for a Future International Space Organization124

Notes126

Goedhuis,Some Recent Trends in the Interpretation and the Implementation of the Rules of International Space Law127

Notes131

Dupuy,The Notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind Applied to the Seabed132

Note133

Hufford,Ideological Rigidity vs.Political Reality133

Notes134

Developed World and Third World Views on Space Development135

Finch ＆ Moore,the 1979 Moon Treaty Encourages Space Development136

Notes139

Dula,Free Enterprise and the Proposed Moon Treaty139

Notes144

Webber,Extraterrestrial Law on the Final Frontier145

Notes149

Rao,Common Heritage of Mankind and the Moon Treaty150

Notes152

A Note on the New International Economic Order152

Notes154

A Note on Common Property Resources and Efficient Allocation155

Wihlborg ＆ Wijkman,Outer Space Resources in Efficient and Equitable Use159

Notes165

5 Other Treaties,Agreements,and Issues167

The Liability Convention167

Cohen,Cosmos 954 and the International Law of Satellite Accidents168

Notes175

Space Remote Sensing178

Logsdon ＆ Monk,Remote Sensing from Space178

Notes185

Hamilton DeSaussure,Remote Sensing185

Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space191

Rescue and Return of Astronauts194

Registration of Spacecraft195

Space Environmental Matters195

6 Space Communications199

Space and International Telecommunications200

U.S.Regulation of Space Communications204

Office of Commercial Space Policy,U.S.Department of Commerce,Space Commerce204

Note206

Senior Interagency Group on International Communication and Information Policy,A White Paper on New International Satellite Systems206

Notes217

Department of State [Legal Memorandum]219

Notes225

Direct Satellite Broadcasting226

7 Space-Related International Trade Issues229

Economics of Space Industries230

Reynolds ＆ Merges,Toward an Industrial Policy for Outer Space231

Before the Office of the United States Trade Representative Chairwoman,Section 301 Committee [Transpace Petition]232

Note234

Determination Under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974235

Notes236

Glenn Reynolds ＆ John Ragosta,International Trade in Launch Services237

Note238

Export Controls and Trade in Space-Related Goods and Services238

McFadden,Snyder ＆ Schoettler,The Structure of Export Licensing241

Notes244

8 The Law of Private Commercial Activities in Outer Space247

Jurisdiction248

Office of Technology Assessment,Space Stations and the Law248

Notes254

Tort Law258

Office of Technology Assessment,Space Stations and the Law258

Note on Liability:Approaches and Standards264

42 U.S.C.？2458b.Insurance and Indemnification267

Comments on Proposed Regulations Governing Third-Party Liability Insurance for Commercial Space Launch Activities268

Liability for Damage to Cargo270

The Challenger Disaster272

Contracts Relating to Outer Space273

Contract for Launch Services274

Notes277

Sample Launch Agreement278

Based on Agreement Between the United States of America Represented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Satellite Business Systems for Launch and Associated Services278

Notes280

Intellectual Property282

U.S.House of Representatives,99th Cong.,2d Sess.,Rept.99-788283

H.R.2725,99th Congress,1st Session286

Protecting Trade Secrets in Space289

Reynolds,Book Review289

Administrative Law:Regulation and Deregulation of Space Activities290

Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984290

Notes294

Rules and Regulations,Department of Transportation295

The Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act299

Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984299

Remote Sensing Regulations301

Civilian Remote Sensing Licensing Regulations302

Criticisms of Remote Sensing Regulations303

Merges ＆ Reynolds,News Media Satellites and the First Amendment303

Note304

Extraterrestrial Contamination304

9 Some Issues of the Future307

Governance of Space Societies307

Space Settlements and the Law:Address of Justice William J.Brennan,Jr.307

Ragosta ＆ Reynolds,In Search of Governing Principles309

Declaration of First Principles for the Governance of Outer Space Societies310

Remarks of William J.Brennan,Jr.,Associate Justice,Supreme Court of the United States314

Notes316

Contact with Extraterrestrials317

10 Conclusion325

Reynolds,Structuring Development in Outer Space326

Credits331

Index337