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Natural law and natural rightsPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

Natural law and natural rights
  • by John Finnis. 著
  • 出版社：
  • ISBN：0198760981;0198761104
  • 出版时间：1980
  • 标注页数：425页
  • 文件大小：87MB
  • 文件页数：439页
  • 主题词：

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图书目录

PART ONE3

Ⅰ. EVALUATION AND THE DESCRIPTION OF LAW3

1. The formation of concepts for descriptive social science3

2. Attention to practical point6

3. Selection of central case and focal meaning9

4. Selection of viewpoint11

5. The theory of natural law18

Notes19

Ⅱ. IMAGES AND OBJECTIONS23

1. Natural law and theories of natural law23

2. Legal validity and morality25

3. The variety of human opinions and practices29

4. The illicit inference from facts to norms33

5. Hume and Clarke on 'is' and 'ought'36

6. Clarkes antecedents42

7. The 'perverted faculty' argument49

8. Natural law and the existence and will of God49

Motes50

PART TWO59

Ⅲ. A BASIC FORM OF GOOD: KNOWLEDGE59

1. An example59

2. From inclination to grasp of value60

3. Practical principle and participation in value63

4. The self-evidence of the good of knowledge64

5. 'Object of desire' and objectivity69

6. Scepticism about this basic value is indefensible73

Notes75

Ⅳ. THE OTHER BASIC VALUES81

1. Theoretical studies of 'universal' values81

2. The basic forms of human good: a practical reflection85

A. Life86

B. Knowledge87

C. Play87

D. Aesthetic experience87

E. Sociability (friendship)88

F. Practical reasonableness88

G. 'Religion'89

3. An exhaustive list?90

4. All equally fundamental92

5. Is pleasure the point of it all?95

Notes97

Ⅴ. THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF PRACTICAL REASONABLENESS100

1. The good of practical reasonableness structures our pursuit of goods100

2. A coherent plan of life103

3. No arbitrary preferences amongst values105

4. No arbitrary preferences amongst persons106

5. Detachment and commitment109

6. The (limited) relevance of consequences: efficiency, within reason111

7. Respect for every basic value in every act118

8. The requirements of the common good125

9. Following one's conscience125

10. The product of these requirements: morality126

Notes127

Ⅵ. COMMUNITY, COMMUNITIES, AND COMMON GOOD134

1. Reasonableness and self-interest134

2. Types of unifying relationship135

3. 'Business' community and 'play' community139

4. Friendship141

5. 'Communism' and 'subsidiarity'144

6. Complete community147

7. The existence of a community150

8. The common good154

Notes156

Ⅶ. JUSTICE161

1. Elements of justice161

2. General Justice164

3. Distributive Justice165

4. Criteria of distributive justice173

5. Commutative Justice177

6. Justice and the State184

7. An example of justice: bankruptcy188

Notes193

Ⅷ. RIGHTS198

1. 'Natural', 'human', or "moral' rights198

2. An analysis of rights-talk199

3. Are duties 'prior to' rights?205

4. Rights and the common good210

5. The specification of rights218

6. Rights and equality of concern and respect221

7. Absolute human rights223

Notes226

Ⅸ. AUTHORITY231

1. The need for authority231

2. The meanings of'authority'233

3. Formation of conventions or customary rules238

4. The authority of rulers245

5. 'Bound by their own rules'?252

Notes254

Ⅹ. LAW260

1. Law and coercion260

2. Unjust punishment265

3. The main features of legal order266

4. The Rule of Law270

5. Limits of the Rule of Law273

6. A definition of law276

7. Derivation of'positive' from 'natural' law281

Notes291

ⅩⅠ. OBLIGATION297

1. 'Obligation','ought', and rational necessity297

2. Promissory obligation298

3. Variable and invariant obligatory force308

4. 'Legally obligatory': the legal sense and the moral sense314

5. Contractual obligation in law: performance or compensation?320

6. Legal obligation in the moral sense: performance or submission to penalty?325

7. Obligation and legislative will330

8. 'Reason' and 'will' in decision, legislation, and compliance with law337

9. Moral obligation and God's will342

Notes343

ⅩⅡ. UNJUST LAWS351

1. A subordinate concern of natural law theory351

2. Types of injustice in law352

3. Effects of injustice on obligation354

4. 'Lex injusta non est lex'363

Notes367

PART THREE371

ⅩⅢ. NATURE, REASON, GOD371

1. Further questions about the point of human existence371

2. Orders, disorders, and the explanation of existence378

3. Divine nature and 'Eternal Law': speculation and revelation388

4. Natural law as 'participation of Eternal Law'398

5. Concluding reflections on the point and force of practical reasonableness403

Notes411

INDEX415

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