THE POSSITIVE OBIGATIOND OF THE STATE UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTSPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 The working base1

1.1 What's right and what's wrong with positive obligations1

1.2 Overuieii) of chapters6

1.3 Basic issues of context and subject matter8

1.3.1 The distinctiveness of human rights8

1.3.2 International responsibility and the general scope of human rights protection10

1.3.2.1 Ankle 110

1.3.2.2 Title11

1.3.3 The nature and structure of the Convention rights: the centrality of private life/personality as a core value12

1.3.4 The object and purpose of the Convention14

1.4 The doctrinal justification ofpositive obligations19

1.4.1 Early studies19

1.4.2 The first positive obligations cases22

1.4.2.1 XandY23

1.4.2.2 Marchx24

1.4.2.3 Airey26

1.4.3 Subsequent studies27

1.4.3.1 The horizontality issue: forced or dangerous?28

1.4.4 The substantive debate: the co(i)nstitutional guarantees39

1.4.4.1 The national constitutional debate40

1.4.4.2 The drittwirkung proposal41

1.4.4.3 The international debate: international responses to international phemnmena47

1.5 The on-going debate: re-evaluating the subsidiary function of the court51

2 The application and development of positive obligations57

2.1 Establishing the distinctive nature and potential of positive obligations in the current reasoned phase of the jurisprudence59

2.1.1 The merging of positive and negative obligations: the fair balance test59

2.1.2 The proposal to determine positive obligations under the paragraph 2 provisions62

2.1.3 The stages before the balance test65

2.1.4 A firm distinction between positive and negative obligations69

2.1.5 The perspective of human rights protection: the rule or the exception-the contextual or the ad hoc response?72

2.2 The wider and common justification of the state's obligations: the critical element of knowledge of the need, of human rights protection73

2.2.1 The element of knowledge in negative obligations cases76

2.2.1.1 Express knowledge from direct interference with known results76

2.2.1.2 Implied knowledge from incidental interference with known or predictable results78

2.2.1.3 Express or implied knowledge by context and comparative examples80

2.2.1.4 Express knowledge from express complaints80

2.2.1.5 Express knowledge from previous decisions of non-justifiability of the interference82

2.2.2 The element of knowledge in positive obligations cases82

2.2.2.1 Implied knowledge from a known context of private parties' interactions82

2.2.2.2 Implied knowledge from previous incidents or comparative examples84

2.2.2.3 Express knowledge of an identifiable threat86

2.2.2.4 Express knoiuledge from express complaints87

2.2.3 The autonomy of the element of knowledge90

2.3 The content of positive obligations under paragraph 1 of the Convention rights91

2.3.1 The preliminary question of the scope of human rights: assessing the negative impact involved92

2.3.2 The scope of protection: the underlying aim of prevention of human rights violations 97

2.3.3 Limits of practicality in the protection of human rights100

2.3.3.1 Protection against acts of interference by private parties101

2.3.3.2 Protection when an act of interference is absent105

2.3.3.3 Conditioning positive obligations on a minimum scope of protection: the bottom-up justification106

2.3.4 The core content of human rights protection: the legislative framework107

2.3.5 The core content of human rights protection: the administrative framework110

2.3.5.1 Violance against the person111

2.3.5.2 Children under social care supervision113

2.3.5.3 Industrial activities114

2.3.5.4 The scope of effectiveness: determining the content of administrative measures115

2.3.6 The content of human rights protection: the extent of protection - practical measures116

2.4 A synthesis of human rights protection118

2.4.1 The point of synthesis: positive obligations as the entrenched safeguards to be 'Prescribed by Law'120

2.4.1.1 Positive obligations as legal safeguards that condition and justify an act of interference120

2.4.1.2 Positive obligations as legal safeguards to maintain the initial justification of interference125

2.4.2 The point of synthesis - special contexts involving competing positive obligations claims129

2.4.2.1 Examples of contexts with conflict of rights130

2.4.2.2 General evaluative principles135

2.5 Conclusion139

3 Protection in the absence of interference142

3.1 General principles146

3.1.1 The state's margin of appreciation in striking a fair balance between competing interests146

3.1.2 The setting of a pan-European minimum149

3.1.3 A multi-speed commitment of the states150

3.1.4 The existence of a direct and immediate link151

3.1.5 The discrimination issue153

3.2 Moving towards an objective legal reasoning155

3.2.1 The positive obligation equation155

3.2.1.1 The qualitative element157

3.2.1.2 The quantitative element163

3.2.2 The extent of human rights protection168

3.3 Conclusion171

4 Access points of domestic implementation173

4.1 The general framework175

4.1.1 Procedural rights of access175

4.1.2 Actions against private parties and public officials (in relation to the acts of the former)177

4.2 Basic working principles179

4.2.1 Pursuing an 'arguable' human rights claim179

4.2.2 Legal aid182

4.2.3 Assessing the domestic standards184

4.2.3.1 Narroiuer scope of human rights185

4.2.3.2 Less rigorous evaluative principles185

4.3 Ex Ante accessibility187

4.4 Ex Post accessibility191

4.4.1 Compensation191

4.4.2 Sanctions192

4.4.2.1 Violence against the person192

4.4.2.2 Medical negligence194

4.4.2.3 Industrial activities197

4.5 The investigation process: the intermediate determinative198

4.6 Conclusion202

5 Summing up204

5.1 The general message of positive obligations204

5.2 The distinctive nature of positive obligations205

5.3 The content of positive obligations207

5.3.1 The substantive content207

5.3.1.1 Defining the scope of the Convention rights208

5.3.1.2 Limits208

5.3.1.3 Core and ad hoc measures209

5.3.1.4 A synthesis of human rights protection210

5.3.2 Access points of domestic implementation211

5.4 Conclusion213

Bibliography215

Index226