LAW AND REGULATION OF COMMERCIAL MINIG OF MINERALS IN OUTER SPACEPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction and Overview1

1.1 The Problem1

1.1.1 The Context1

1.1.2 Structure of the Monograph2

1.2 Historical Background4

1.2.1 Technological Evolution4

1.2.2 The Post-Cold War World5

1.2.3 The Hypothesis7

1.3 Economic and Technical Prospects of Mining on Celestial Bodies8

1.4 Liability and State Responsibility for Compliance with International Legal Principles9

1.4.1 Phases of a Commercial Space Mining Venture9

1.4.2 Applicable Legal Issues10

1.4.3 State Responsibility and International Liability11

1.5 Exploration and Extraction Rights13

1.6 Exploitation Rights: Effects of the Common Heritage of Mankind Doctrine14

1.7 Meeting the Challenges and Balancing the Competing Interests in Creating a Regulatory Framework for Mineral Resources in Space16

1.7.1 Meeting the Challenges16

1.7.2 Balancing the Competing Interests17

1.7.3 Structure and Composition18

1.7.4 Procedures18

1.7.5 Judicial Mechanisms19

1.8 Conclusions20

2 Economic and Technical Prospects of Mining on Celestial Bodies21

2.1 Introduction21

2.2 Economic Feasibility of Space Mining26

2.2.1 The Study of Resource Economics26

2.2.2 Economic Scarcity of Mineral Resources32

2.2.3 Implications of the Hydrogen Economy45

2.3 Expanding the Economic Resource Base48

2.4 The Riches of Space51

2.4.1 Mining the Moon51

2.4.2 Resources from Mars and Other Planets52

2.4.3 Geology and Mineralogy of Asteroids and Their Suitability for Mining Activities55

2.4.4 Suitability of Near Earth Asteroids60

2.4.5 Other Groups of Potential Mining Candidates66

2.5 Technical Feasibility of Space Mining69

2.5.1 Orbital Mechanics69

2.5.2 Mission Trajectories73

2.5.3 Energy Requirements for the Mining and Processing of Ores76

2.6 Exploratory Missions to Near Earth Asteroids77

2.6.1 Flyby Missions78

2.6.2 Rendezvous and Lander Missions80

2.6.3 Sample Return Missions80

2.7 Commercial Feasibility of Space Mining82

2.7.1 Advantages of Mining Near Earth Asteroids82

2.7.2 Costing an Asteroid Mining Project83

2.7.3 Determining Financial Feasibility85

2.7.4 Comparing Returns on Investment86

2.7.5 Minimisation of Mission Risks87

2.7.6 Practical Implications of Risk Profiles92

2.8 Conclusions93

3 State Responsibility and Liability for Compliance with International Space Law95

3.1 Introduction95

3.2 Sources of Space Law98

3.2.1 United Nations Space Treaties98

3.2.2 General Assembly Declarations111

3.2.3 Jus Cogens: Space Law Principles as Possible Peremptory Norms of International Law124

3.2.4 Other Space-Related Treaties126

3.2.5 Space Law and the Lex Specialis Principle127

3.3 State Responsibility and Jurisdiction128

3.3.1 State Responsibility128

3.3.2 Jurisdiction134

3.4 Liability136

3.4.1 Overview136

3.4.2 International Liability137

3.4.3 Modern Liability Controversies142

3.4.4 Calculation of Damages148

3.5 Conclusions150

4 Rights and Duties in the Commercial Exploration and Extraction of Mineral Resources on Celestial Bodies153

4.1 Introduction153

4.2 Commercial Use vs. Public Use154

4.2.1 Benefit and Interests of All Countries154

4.2.2 Lawfulness of Commercial Use Generally160

4.3 Freedoms of Exploration and Use and the Principle of Non-appropriation162

4.3.1 Freedoms Under Article I of the Outer Space Treaty162

4.3.2 Article II of the Outer Space Treaty166

4.3.3 Relevant Provisions of the Moon Agreement179

4.3.4 Defining a Celestial Body187

4.4 Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies192

4.4.1 Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty192

4.4.2 Article 7 of the Moon Agreement193

4.5 Legal Implications for a Regulatory Regime for Exploration of Mineral Resources on Celestial Bodies194

4.5.1 Two Types of Exploration194

4.5.2 The Exploration Segment Generally195

4.5.3 Prospecting Activities196

4.5.4 Exploration Activities196

4.6 Legal Implications for a Regulatory Regime for Extraction of Mineral Resources on Celestial Bodies197

4.6.1 Sovereignty over Mineral Resources197

4.6.2 Extraction Methods198

4.7 Conclusions202

5 Exploitation Rights: Evolving from the "Province of Mankind" to the "Common Heritage of Mankind"203

5.1 Introduction203

5.2 Antarctica and the 1988 Wellington Convention204

5.2.1 The Antarctic Treaty Framework204

5.2.2 Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System206

5.2.3 The Wellington Convention211

5.3 Outer Space as the Province of All Mankind216

5.3.1 Interpreting Article I of the Outer Space Treaty216

5.3.2 Correlation with Article II of the Outer Space Treaty217

5.4 The New International Economic Order219

5.4.1 Origins of the New International Economic Order219

5.4.2 Sixth Special Session of the General Assembly and the Principles of the New International Economic Order223

5.5 Origins of the Common Heritage of Mankind Concept in the Context of the Deep Seabed229

5.5.1 The Old Law of the High Seas229

5.5.2 The Old Law of the Deep Seabed232

5.5.3 Proposal from Malta that "Detonated the Time Bomb"234

5.5.4 Negotiating History on the Deep Seabed236

5.6 Part XI of the Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Effects of the Common Heritage of Mankind244

5.6.1 Overview and the Features of Part XI244

5.6.2 Decision-Making in the International Seabed Authority247

5.6.3 The Enterprise248

5.6.4 Compulsory Transfer of Technology249

5.6.5 Limitations on Production250

5.6.6 Financial Terms of the Contracts251

5.6.7 The Ultimate Compromise252

5.7 Evolution of Article 11 of the Moon Agreement256

5.7.1 Early Controversies256

5.7.2 Provisions of the Moon Agreement260

5.7.3 Article 6 of the Moon Agreement264

5.7.4 Article 11 of the Moon Agreement264

5.7.5 Article 18 of the Moon Agreement266

5.7.6 Attempts at Resolving the Political Impasse267

5.8 Conclusions270

6 Meeting the Challenges and Balancing the Competing Interests in Creating a Legal and Regulatory Framework273

6.1 Introduction273

6.2 Need for Balancing Competing Interests275

6.2.1 Overview275

6.2.2 Industrialised States vs. Developing States276

6.2.3 Economic Development vs. Environmental Safeguards282

6.2.4 Regulation vs. Free Market287

6.2.5 Public Interest vs. Commercial Concerns290

6.2.6 Hard Law vs. Soft Law293

6.3 Practical Implementation of the New Legal Framework295

6.3.1 Overview295

6.3.2 Implementation Agreement296

6.3.3 Organisational Structure296

6.3.4 Membership of the Authority297

6.4 Administrative and Dispute Settlement Mechanisms303

6.4.1 Enforcement and Dispute Settlement Mechanisms303

6.4.2 Licensing Oversight Panel304

6.4.3 Financial Duties Panel305

6.4.4 Environmental Protection Panel307

6.4.5 Dispute Settlement Panel and the Space Development Appeals Tribunal307

6.5 Financing the Proposed Authority311

6.6 Conclusions313

7 Concluding Observations315

7.1 Quod Erat Demonstrandum315

7.1.1 Elements of Proving the Hypothesis315

7.1.2 Economic Scarcity of Resources in the Earth's Crust316

7.1.3 Physical and Technical Feasibility of Asteroid Mining316

7.1.4 Economic and Financial Feasibility of Commercial Mining on Near Earth Asteroids317

7.1.5 Absence of an Appropriate Legal Framework317

7.2 Quod Erat Meliorandum318

7.2.1 Conceptual Evolution of the Common Heritage of Mankind318

7.2.2 Past Failures over the Deep Seabed and Antarctica319

7.2.3 Attempt to Create a Legal Framework for the Exploitation of Mineral Resources on Celestial Bodies319

7.2.4 Balancing the Interests of Competing Stakeholders320

7.3 Quod Erat Faciendum320

7.3.1 Creating a New Legal Framework320

7.3.2 Practical Aspects of the New Legal Framework321

7.3.3 How the World May Change321

References323

Treaties323

United Nations Documents326

International Cases328

Domestic Legislation and Regulations328

Domestic Cases329

Secondary Sources329

Index369