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1Overview of Programming and Problem Solving1

1.1 Overview of Programming2

How Do We Write a Program?2

1.2 What is a Programming Language?6

1.3 What is a Computer?11

1.4 Problem-Solving Techniques14

Ask Questions15

Look For Things That Are Familiar15

Solve by Analogy15

Means-Ends Analysis16

Divide and Conquer17

The Building-Block Approach18

Merging Solutions18

Mental Blocks: The Fear of Starting19

Algorithmic Problem Solving19

Summary20

Quick Check21

Exam Preparation Exercises21

Programming Warm-Up Exercises23

2C++ Syntax and Semantics, and the Program Development Process25

2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs26

Syntax and Semantics28

Syntax Templates30

Naming Program Elements: Identiers32

Data and Data Types33

Data Storage34

The char Data Type34

The string Data Type34

Naming Elements: Declarations35

Taking Action: Executable Statements40

Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program44

2.2 Program Construction45

Blocks （Compound Statements）47

The C++ Preprocessor49

An Introduction to Namespaces50

2.3 More About Output52

Creating Blank Lines52

Inserting Blanks Within a Line53

Programming Example54

Testing and Debugging59

Summary60

Quick Check60

Exam Preparation Exercises62

Programming Warm-Up Exercises64

Programming Problems66

Programming Example Follow-Up67

3Numeric Types, Expressions, and Output70

Integral Types70

Floating-Point Types71

3.2 Declarations for Numeric Types71

Named Constant Declarations72

Variable Declarations73

3.3 Simple Arithmetic Expressions73

Arithmetic Operators73

Increment and Decrement Operators76

3.4 Compound Arithmetic Expressions77

Precedence Rules77

Type Coercion and Type Casting79

3.5 Function Calls and Library Functions82

Value-Returning Functions82

Library Functions84

Void Functions85

3.6 Formatting the Output86

3.7 Additional string Operations92

The length and size Functions92

The find Function94

The substr Function95

Programming Example97

Testing and Debugging100

Summary100

Quick Check101

Exam Preparation Exercises102

Programming Warm-Up Exercises104

Programming Problems105

Programming Example Follow-Up107

4Program Input and the Software Design Process109

4.1 Getting Data into Programs110

Input Streams and the Extraction Operator （＞＞）110

The Reading Marker and the Newline Character113

Reading Character Data with the get Function114

Skipping Characters with the ignore Function116

Reading String Data117

4.2 Interactive Input/Output118

4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output120

4.4 File Input and Output121

Files121

Using Files122

An Example Program Using Files125

Run-Time Input of File Names127

4.5 Input Failure128

4.6 Software Design Methodologies130

4.7 What Are Objects131

4.8 Object-Oriented Design132

4.9 Functional Decomposition133

Modules135

Programming Example137

Testing and Debugging141

Testing and Debugging Hints142

Summary143

Quick Check144

Exam Preparation Exercises144

Programming Warm-Up Exercises147

Programming Problems149

Programming Example Follow-Up151

5Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection Control Structures153

5.1 Flow of Control154

Selection155

5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions155

The bool Data Type156

Logical Expressions156

Precedence of Operators163

Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types164

5.3 The If Statement165

The If-Then-Else Statement165

Blocks （Compound Statements）168

The If-Then Statement169

A Common Mistake170

5.4 Nested If Statements171

The Dangling else174

5.5 Testing the State of an I/O System175

Programming Example177

Testing and Debugging182

Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase: The Algorithm Walk-Through182

Testing in the Implementation Phase185

Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution189

Testing and Debugging Hints189

Summary191

Quick Check191

Exam Preparation Exercises192

Programming Warm-Up Exercises194

Programming Problems196

Programming Example Follow-Up199

6Looping201

6.1 The While Statement202

6.2 Phases of Loop Execution203

6.3 Loops Using the While Statement204

Count-Controlled Loops204

Event-Controlled Loops205

Looping Subtasks209

6.4 How to Design Loops211

Designing the Flow of Control212

Designing the Process Within the loop213

The Loop Exit213

6.5 Nested Logic214

Designing Nested Loops215

Programming Example216

Testing and Debugging224

Loop-Testing Strategy224

Testing and Debugging Hints225

Summary226

Quick Check227

Exam Preparation Exercises228

Programming Warm-Up Exercises231

Programming Problems233

Programming Example Follow Up236

7Functions237

7.1 Functional Decomposition with Void Functions238

Writing Modules as Void Functions238

7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions241

Flow of Control in Function Calls242

Function Parameters242

7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions244

Function Call （Invocation）244

Function Declarations and Definitions244

Local Variables246

The Return Statement247

Header Files248

7.4 Parameters249

Value Parameters249

Reference Parameters251

Matching Arguments with Parameters251

7.5 Designing Functions254

Writing Assertions as Program Comments256

Documenting the Direction of Data Flow257

Programming Example260

Testing and Debugging264

The assert Library Function265

Testing and Debugging Hints267

Summary268

Quick Check268

Exam Preparation Exercises269

Programming Warm-Up Exercises271

Programming Problems273

Programming Example Follow-Up277

8Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions279

8.1 Scope of Identifiers280

Scope Rules282

Variable Declarations and Definitions285

Namespaces286

8.2 Lifetime of a Variable289

Initializations in Declarations290

8.3 Interface Design291

Side Effects291

Global Constants293

8.4 Value-Returning Functions293

Boolean Functions296

Interface Design and Side Effects298

When to Use Value-Returning Functions298

Programming Example300

Testing and Debugging307

Stubs and Drivers308

Testing and Debugging Hints308

Summary309

Quick Check310

Exam Preparation Exercises311

Programming Warm-Up Exercises313

Programming Problems315

Programming Example Follow-Up318

9Additional Control Structures319

9.1 The Switch Statement320

9.2 The Do-While Statement324

9.3 The For Statement325

9.4 The Break and Continue Statements329

9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement332

Programming Example333

Testing and Debugging338

Testing and Debugging Hints338

Summary339

Quick Check339

Exam Preparation Exercises340

Programming Warm-Up Exercises342

Programming Problems343

Programming Example Follow-Up346

10Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined347

10.1 Built-In Simple Types348

Integral Types350

Floating-Point Types351

10.2 Additional C++ Operators352

Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions354

Increment and Decrement Operators354

Bitwise Operators355

The Cast Operation356

The sizeof Operator356

The ?: Operator357

Operator Precedence357

10.3 Working With Character Data359

Character Sets359

C++ char Constants360

Programming Techniques361

10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers367

Representation of Floating-Point Numbers368

Arithmeticwith Floating-Point Numbers370

10.5 User-Defined Simple Types373

The Typedef Statement373

Enumeration Types373

Named and Anonymous Data Types379

User-Written Header Files379

10.6 More on Type Coercion380

Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions381

Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing, and Return of a Functional Value382

Programming Example383

Testing and Debugging390

Floating-Point Data390

Coping with Input Errors391

Testing and Debugging Hints391

Summary392

Quick Check393

Exam Preparation Exercises394

Programming Warm-Up Exercises395

Programming Problems396

Programming Example Follow-Up399

11Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes401

11.1 Structured Data Types402

11.2 Records （Structs）403

Accessing Individual Components405

Aggregate Operations on Structs406

Hierarchical Records408

11.3 Unions410

11.4 Data Abstraction411

11.5 Abstract Data Types411

11.6 C++ Classes414

Classes, Class Objects, and Class Members416

Built-In Operations on Class Objects416

Class Scope419

Information Hiding419

11.7 Specification and Implementation Files421

The Specification File421

The Implementation File423

Compiling and Linking a Multifile Program428

11.8 Guaranteed Initialization with Class Constructors430

Invoking a Constructor431

Revised Specication and Implementation Files for Time432

Guidelines for Using Class Constructors436

Programming Example437

Testing and Debugging444

Testing and Debugging Hints447

Summary448

Quick Check449

Exam Preparation Exercises450

Programming Warm-Up Exercises452

Programming Problems453

Programming Example Follow-Up456

12Arrays457

12.1 One-Dimensional Arrays458

Declaring Arrays460

Accessing Individual Components460

Out-of-Bounds Array Indexes462

Initializing Arrays in Declarations464

Examples of Declaring and Accessing Arrays464

Passing Arrays as Arguments469

Assertions About Arrays471

Using Typedef with Arrays471

12.2 Arrays of Records and Objects471

Arrays of Records472

Arrays of Class Objects473

12.3 Special Kinds of Array Processing474

Subarray Processing474

Indexes with Semantic Content475

12.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays475

12.5 Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays478

Sum the Rows479

Sum the Columns481

Initialize the Array481

Print the Array483

12.6 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Arguments484

12.7 Another Way of Defining Two-Dimensional Arrays486

12.8 Multidimensional Arrays488

Programming Example491

Testing and Debugging498

One-Dimensional Arrays498

Multidimensional Arrays499

Testing and Debugging Hints500

Summary501

Quick Check502

Exam Preparation Exercises503

Programming Warm-Up Exercises506

Programming Problems508

Programming Example Follow-Up510

13Array-Based Lists511

13.1 The List as an Abstract Data Type512

13.2 Unsorted Lists519

Basic Operations519

Insertion and Deletion522

Sequential Search523

lterators526

Sorting528

13.3 Sorted Lists531

Basic Operations534

Insertion534

Sequential Search537

Binary Search537

Deletion543

13.4 Understanding Character Strings544

Initializing C Strings547

C String Input and Output547

C String Library Routines550

Programming Example552

Testing and Debugging559

Testing and Debugging Hints560

Summary560

Quick Check561

Exam Preparation Exercises561

Programming Warm-Up Exercises562

Programming Problems564

Programming Example Follow-Up565

14Object-Oriented Software Development567

14.1 Object-Oriented Programming568

14.2 Objects568

14.3 Inheritance573

Deriving One Class from Another574

Specification of the ExtTime Class576

Implementation of the ExtTime Class579

Avoiding Multiple Inclusion of Header Files583

14.4 Composition584

Design of an Entry Class584

Constructor lnitializer590

14.5 Dynamic Binding and Virtual Functions591

The Slicing Problem592

Virtual Functions594

14.6 Object-Oriented Design596

Step 1: Identify the Objects and Operations596

Step 2: Determine the Relationships Among Objects597

Step 3: Design the Driver597

14.7 Implementing the Design597

Programming Example598

Testing and Debugging608

Testing and Debugging Hints609

Summary610

Quick Check610

Exam Preparation Exercises611

Programming Warm-Up Exercises614

Programming Problems616

Programming Example Follow-Up618

15Recursion619

15.1 What Is Recursion620

15.2 Recursive Algorithms with Sample Variables624

15.3 Towers of Hanoi626

15.4 Recursive Algorithms with Structured Variables631

15.5 Recursion or Iteration?632

Testing and Debugging634

Testing and Debugging Hints634

Summary635

Quick Check635

Exam Preparation Exercises635

Programming Warm-Up Exercises637

Programming Problems640

Glossary643

Answers to Selected Exercises651

Appendices683

Index705