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PART Ⅰ．PREFERENTIAL THINKING1

CHAPTER 1．What Is the Problem？3

Two Cases4

Definition6

Is Prejudice a Value Concept？10

Functional Significance12

Attitudes and Beliefs12

Acting Out Prejudice14

Notes and References16

CHAPTER 2．The Normality of Prejudgment17

The Separation of Human Groups17

The Process of Categorization19

When Categories Conflict with Evidence22

Personal Values as Categories24

Personal Values and Prejudice24

Summary26

Notes and References27

CHAPTER 3．Formation of In-groups28

What Is an In-group？30

Sex as an In-group31

The Shifting Nature of In-groups33

In-groups and Reference Groups35

Social Distance37

The Group-Norm Theory of Prejudice38

Can There Be an In-group without an Out-group？40

Can Humanity Constitute an In-group？41

Notes and References45

CHAPTER 4．Rejection of Out-groups47

Verbal Rejection48

Discrimination50

Conditions of Physical Attack56

Riots and Lynching59

The Essential Role of Rumor61

Notes and References63

CHAPTER 5．Patterning and Extent of Prejudice66

Prejudice as a Generalized Attitude66

What Imperfect Correlations Mean71

How Widespread Is Prejudice？72

Demographic Variations in Prejudice77

Notes and References78

PART Ⅱ．GROUP DIFFERENCES81

CHAPTER 6．The Scientific Study of Group Differences83

Would Differences，If Discovered，Justify Rejection？85

The Well-Deserved Reputation Theory85

Methods of Studying Group Differences86

Types and Degrees of Differences93

The Interpretation of Differences103

Notes and References105

CHAPTER 7．Racial and Ethnic Differences106

Why Race Is Emphasized106

True Racial Differences109

Cultural Relativity113

National Character115

Who Are the Jews？116

Conclusions123

Notes and References124

CHAPTER 8．Visibility and Strangeness127

The Young Child128

Visible Differences Imply Real Differences129

Degrees of Visibility131

The Condensation of Attitudes around Visible Cues133

Sensory Aversion134

Discussion136

Notes and References137

CHAPTER 9．Traits Due to Victimization138

Ego Defenses139

Obsessive Concern140

Denial of Membership142

Withdrawal and Passivity143

Clowning144

Strengthening In-group Ties145

Slyness and Cunning146

Identification with Dominant Group：Self-hate147

Aggression against Own Group148

Prejudice against Out-groups149

Sympathy150

Fighting Back：Militancy151

Enhanced Striving152

Symbolic Status Striving153

Neuroticism154

The Self-fulfilling Prophecy155

Summary156

Notes and References157

PART Ⅲ．PERCEIVING AND THINKING ABOUT GROUP DIFFERENCES159

CHAPTER 10．The Cognitive Process161

Selection，Accentuation，Interpretation161

Directed and Autistic Thinking163

Cause and Effect Thinking165

The Nature of Categories166

The Principle of Least Effort169

The Dynamics of Cognition in the Prejudiced Personality170

Conclusions171

Notes and References173

CHAPTER 11．Linguistic Factors174

Nouns That Cut Slices174

Emotionally Toned Labels177

The Communist Label179

Verbal Realism and Symbol Phobia182

Notes and References183

CHAPTER 12．Stereotypes in Our Culture184

Stereotypes versus Group Traits185

Stereotype Defined187

Stereotypes concerning the Jew188

Stereotypes concerning the Negro192

Comparison of Jewish and Negro stereotypes194

Mass Media and Stereotypes195

Stereotypes Change in Time196

Notes and References199

CHAPTER 13．Theories of Prejudice201

Historical Emphasis204

Sociocultural Emphasis206

Situational Emphasis208

Psychodynamic Emphasis209

Phenomenological Emphasis210

Emphasis on Earned Reputation211

Final Word212

Notes and References212

PART Ⅳ．SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS213

CHAPTER 14．Social Structure and Cultural Pattern215

Heterogeneity216

Vertical Mobility216

Rapid Social Change218

Ignorance and Barriers to Communication219

Size and Density of Minority Groups220

Direct Competition and Realistic Conflict222

Exploitative Advantage226

Social Regulation of Aggression228

Cultural Devices to Ensure Loyalty229

Cultural Pluralism vs．Assimilation231

Summary233

Notes and References233

CHAPTER 15．Choice of Scapegoats235

Meaning of Scapegoat236

Historical Method238

Direct Projection364

The Mote-Beam Mechanism366

Complementary Projection367

Conclusion367

Notes and References368

PART Ⅶ．CHARACTER STRUCTURE369

CHAPTER 25．The Prejudiced Personality371

Methods of Study371

Functional Prejudice372

Ambivalence toward Parents374

Moralism374

Dichotomization376

Need for Definiteness376

Externalization379

Institutionalism380

Authoritarianism382

Discussion383

Notes and References384

CHAPTER 26．Demagogy385

Sample Materials385

The Program of the Demagogue389

The Followers392

The Demagogue as a Person393

Paranoid Bigotry394

Notes and References397

CHAPTER 27．The Tolerant Personality398

Early Life399

Varieties of Tolerance401

Militant and Pacifistic Tolerance402

Liberalism and Radicalism403

Education404

Empathic Ability407

Self-insight408

Tolerance for Ambiguity409

Philosophy of Life410

Notes and References411

CHAPTER 28．Religion and Prejudice413

Realistic Conflict413

Divisive Factors in Religion415

Do Religious Groups Differ in Prejudice？418

Two Kinds of Religiosity420

The Case of Simon Peter422

Religion and Character Structure424

Notes and References425

PART Ⅷ．REDUCING GROUP TENSIONS427

CHAPTER 29．Ought There to be a Law？429

A Brief History of Legislation430

Types of Legislation432

Does Legislation Affect Prejudice？437

Legislation and Social Science440

Summary442

Notes and References442

CHAPTER 30．Evaluation of Programs444

The Research Approach446

Formal Educational Programs448

Contact and Acquaintance Programs453

Group Retraining455

Mass Media456

Exhortation458

Individual Therapy459

Catharsis460

Notes and References461

CHAPTER 31．Limitations and Horizons463

Special Obstacles464

The Social System465

Positive Principles468

Imperatives of Intercultural Education472

Final Word on Theory476

Final Word on Values477

Notes and References480

Index of Names481

Index of Subjects486