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INTRODUCTORY NOTE THE LEGAL STRUCTURE AND THE ECONOMIC NATURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY1

1.The legal structure of intellectual property2

(a)Intellectual property:The branch of law that protects business differentiating ntangible assets2

(b)The intrinsically exclusive nature of intellectual property12

2.The economic nature of intellectual property13

(a)The economic function of intellectual property:To promote the creationand the preservation of business differentiation13

(b)Intellectual property and the reduction of transaction costs18

3.Intellectual property:a spontaneous legal tool that has embedded the structural fabric of every organized society since the dawn of civilization22

THE TRIPS REGIME OF ANTITRUST INTRODUCTION31

1.Industrial property,an integral element of competition policy31

(a)The first level of interoperability:Industrial property needs antitrust law31

(b)The second level of interoperability:Antitrust law needs industrial property32

(c)A special note on the interface between patent and competition law33

(Ⅰ)Patents and monopolies34

(Ⅱ)Abuses of patent rights42

(d)Patents and trademarks at a crossroads45

(e)Industrial property,competition law and repression of unfair competition47

PART Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES48

Article 6 Exhaustion49

1.The meaning of Article 651

2.Exhaustion55

3.The legal implications of international exhaustion64

4.A third modality of exhaustion:controlled international exhaustion73

Article 7 Objectives75

1.The scope and the meaning of Article 777

2.Transfer and dissemination of technology83

3.The meaning of the expression'balance of rights and obligations'89

Article 8 Principles103

Paragraph2106

PART Ⅱ STANDARDS CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY,SCOPE AND USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS111

Section2:Trademarks115

Article 21 Licensing and Assignment115

1.The scope of Article 21115

2.Quality control119

3.Compulsory licenses of trademarks121

4.Compulsory assignments of trademarks122

5.Alternative solutions to trademark compulsory licensing125

(a)Prohibitions of use and cancellation of registration125

(b)Limitations on injunctions125

6.The implementation of Article 21133

Section 5:Patents137

Article 31 Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder137

Paragraph(k)137

1.The legislative history of Article 31(k)137

2.Compulsory licenses and antitrust law139

3.Remuneration142

4.Adjudication142

Paragraph(I)143

Article 32 Revocation/Forfeiture149

1.The meaning and the scope of Article 32151

2.Revocation or forfeiture of patents to remedy antitrust violations.Divestiture and the fruits doctrine156

Section8:Control of Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences161

Article 40161

1.The meaning and scope of Article 40162

2.Legislative history of Article 40163

3.An exhaustive or indicative list of antitrust practices? The different approaches to this matter and the impact of the language of article 40.2 on the freedom of members to address it165

4.International cooperation in the field of antitrust violations in licensing agreements179

5.Work in the WTO on the interface between intellectual property and antitrust183

THE TRIPS REGIME OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION189

Section 7:Protection of Undisclosed Information189

Article39189

Paragraph 1189

1.Introduction189

2.The legislative history of Article 10 bis of the Paris Convention191

(a)Legislative history191

(b)Does Article 10 bis of the Paris Convention provide for mandatory protection of trade secrets?200

(c)Conclusions204

3.Do paragraphs 1 and 2 cover different subject matter?206

Paragraph 2207

1.The legislative history of Article 39.2 of the TRIPS agreement207

2.Protection of trade secrets under Article 39.2224

3.Protection of confidential information in court procedures237

Paragraph 3240

1.The legislative history of Article 39.3240

(a)The origins of the protection of test data240

(b)The legislative history of Article 39.3243

(ⅰ)Proposals on test data in the first round of discussions(1987-1990)243

(ⅱ)Proposals on test data in the second(and last)round of negotiations250

2.Economic and social constraints over protection of test data259

3.The scope,the reach and the application of Article 39.3263

(a)Test data protection under Article 39.3 of the TRIPS Agreement:a sui generis mechanism263

(b)Protection of undisclosed test data against unfair commercial use is mandatory as regards pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical products only267

(c)Protection against unfair commercial use270

(ⅰ)The meaning of 'unfair commercial use'270

(ⅱ)The first possible modality of protection:data exclusivity272

(ⅲ)The second possible mechanism of protection:Right-to-remuneration281

(d)Exclusivity of data does not mean either exclusivity of information or product or market exclusivity284

(e)Requirements286

(ⅰ)Submission must be mandatory286

(ⅱ)The nature of the product287

(ⅲ)Novelty288

(ⅳ)Secrecy of the data292

(ⅴ)Considerable efforts required for obtaining the data295

(ⅵ)Approval of the relevant chemical entity296

(ⅶ)Opportunity297

(f)Protection against disclosure298

(g)Term of protection299

(h)The relationship between test data protection and patent rights301

(i)Exceptions and limitations to rights conferred307

(ⅰ)Fair use of test data307

(ⅱ)Non-commercial use313

(ⅲ)International exhaustion314

(j)A few additional issues315

(ⅰ)Restoration of terms of protection315

(ⅱ)Core dossier registrations and the protection of supplementary data317

(ⅲ)Biological products317

(k)Transition periods for least-developed country WTO Members(LDCs)318

4.Recent developments concerning protection of test data.TRIPS plus' standards in the context of bilateral free trade agreements319

5.The dispute settlement mechanism in the context of undisclosed information323

(a)First lesson:Good intentions do not count325

(b)Second lesson:More(protection)is always better than less325

(c)Third lesson:International trade has reasons that the Reason does not know 325

Annex329

Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights329

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property367

Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health381

Extension of the Transition Period under Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement for Least-Developed Country Members for Certain Obligations with Respect to Pharmaceutical Products383

Extension of the Transition Period Under Article 66.1 for Least-Developed Country embers384

Reference387

Jurisprudence392

WIPO Documents394

GATT Documents394

WTO Documents395

Index399