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CRIME PREVENTION THEORY AND PRACTICE
  • STEPHEN SCHNEIDER 著
  • 出版社： CRC PRESS
  • ISBN：142006214X
  • 出版时间：2010
  • 标注页数：369页
  • 文件大小：31MB
  • 文件页数：385页
  • 主题词：

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图书目录

Section Ⅰ CRIME PREVENTION: AN OVERVIEW3

1 The Theory and Practice of Crime Prevention: An Overview3

1.1 Learning Objectives3

1.2 Introduction3

1.3 Definitions and Descriptions4

1.4 Identifying the Targets of Crime Prevention5

1.5 Crime Prevention vs. the Criminal Justice System7

1.5.1 Crime Prevention Efforts Are Proactive8

1.5.2 Crime Prevention Emphasizes a"Problem-Oriented" Approach9

1.5.3 Responsibility for Crime Prevention Is Partially Shifted to Private Actors12

1.5.4 (Community) Crime Prevention Stresses Informal Social Control14

1.5.5 Focus Shifted from the Offender to the Victim and Potential Offender15

1.5.6 Crime Prevention Targets Not Only the Criminal Act, but Also Criminality, Fear, and Disorder15

1.5.7 The Goals of Crime Prevention Differ from Those of the Criminal Justice System18

1.6 Classifying Crime Prevention Approaches20

1.6.1 Situational vs. Social Developmental Approaches20

1.6.2 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Approaches21

1.6.3 Collective vs. Individualistic Crime Prevention24

1.6.4 Four Pillars of Crime Prevention24

1.6.5 Program vs. Practice25

1.7 Institutions through Which Crime Prevention Programs and Practices Are Delivered25

1.7.1 Families25

1.7.2 Schools27

1.7.3 Labor Markets28

1.7.4 Neighborhoods and Communities30

1.7.5 Places31

1.7.6 Police and the Criminal Justice System32

1.7.7 Other Government Agencies, Services, and Policies33

1.7.8 (Psychological and Mental) Health-Care Systems33

1.8 Conclusion36

1.9 Discussion Questions and Exercises36

1.10 Important Terms37

Further Reading38

Internet Resources38

Section Ⅱ DOMINANT CRIME PREVENTION APPROACHES41

2 Situational Crime Prevention and CPTED41

2.1 Learning Objectives41

2.2 Introduction41

2.3 Theoretical Assumptions Underlying Situational Crime Prevention42

2.3.1 Routine Activity Theory43

2.3.2 Rational Choice Theory43

2.3.3 Offender Search Theory44

2.4 Situational Crime Prevention: Definitions and Descriptions45

2.4.1 Increase the Effort Necessary to Offend46

2.4.2 Increase the Risks of Detection51

2.4.3 Reduce the Rewards55

2.4.4 Remove Excuses56

2.5 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)57

2.6 Reducing Crime Opportunities by Modifying the Behavior of Potential Victims65

2.7 Conclusion68

2.8 Discussion Questions and Exercises73

2.9 Important Terms74

Further Reading74

Internet Resources75

Organizations75

3 Crime Prevention through Social Development77

3.1 Learning Objectives77

3.2 Introduction77

3.3 Etiological (Crime Causation) Theories Underlying CPSD79

3.3.1 Anomie and Strain Theory79

3.3.2 Differential Association Theory80

3.3.3 Social Learning Theory82

3.3.4 Control Theory/Social Bond Theory84

3.3.5 Developmental Criminology: Identifying Risk Factors among Children and Youth87

3.3.5.1 Personal Risk Factors88

3.3.5.2 Family (Parental) Risk Factors92

3.3.5.3 School Risk Factors92

3.3.5.4 Neighborhood and Community Risk Factors93

3.3.5.5 Peer Group Risk Factors94

3.3.6 Summary: Risk Factors among Children and Youth94

3.4 Crime Prevention through Social Development95

3.4.1 CPSD Targeting Children and Youth99

3.4.2 Interventions Targeting At-RiskYouth Directly100

3.4.2.1 Preschool Programs100

3.4.2.2 Critical Thinking, Social Competency, and Life Skills Training101

3.4.2.3 Cognitive Behavioral Treatment and Therapy105

3.4.2.4 Education and Schools: Academic, Intellectual, and Cognitive Development106

3.4.2.5 Mentoring116

3.4.2.6 Recreational and Leisure Activities117

3.4.3 Interventions Targeting the At-Risk Individual Indirectly (Modifying the Social Environment)119

3.4.3.1 Promoting Stable Families and Effective Parenting119

3.4.4 Crime Prevention Strategies for Youth122

3.4.4.1 Preventing Teenage Pregnancy123

3.4.4.2 Gang Prevention Programs124

3.4.4.3 Youth-Centered Agencies (Including Youth Workers)126

3.4.5 CPSD for Older Youth and Adults: Employment and Labor Markets126

3.5 Conclusion129

3.6 Discussion Questions and Exercises134

3.7 Important Terms134

Further Reading134

Internet Resources135

4 Community Crime Prevention137

4.1 Learning Objectives137

4.2 Introduction137

4.3 Crime Causation Theories Underlying Community Crime Prevention140

4.4 The Community Defense Model143

4.4.1 Community Based144

4.4.2 Informal Social Control (and Social Cohesion)146

4.4.3 Collective Action148

4.4.4 Behavioral Reinforcement/Modification150

4.4.5 Situational Crime Prevention Measures150

4.4.6 Summary: The Theorized Process of the Community Defense Model150

4.4.7 Neighborhood Watch153

4.5 Community Crime Prevention Organizations156

4.5.1 The Community Policing and Crime Prevention Office159

4.6 Crime Prevention through Community Development161

4.6.1 Social (Socio-Economic) Development163

4.6.2 Community Building166

4.6.3 Physical Development and Beautification168

4.7 Comprehensive Community-Based Approaches to Grime Prevention169

4.8 Critiques of and Challenges to Community Crime Prevention172

4.9 Conclusion174

4.10 Discussion Questions and Exercises175

4.11 Important Terms176

Further Reading176

Internet Resources177

Section Ⅲ THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND POLICE IN CRIME PREVENTION181

5 The State and Crime Prevention181

5.1 Introduction181

5.2 The Role of the State in Crime Prevention182

5.3 Case Studies: National and State/Provincial Governments186

5.3.1 United States186

5.3.2 Canada191

5.3.3 United Kingdom193

5.3.4 France197

5.3.5 The Netherlands199

5.3.6 New South Wales, Australia200

5.4 Case Studies: Municipal Governments201

5.4.1 United States203

5.4.1.1 San Antonio, Texas203

5.4.1.2 Gainesville, Florida204

5.4.1.3 Joliet, Illinois204

5.4.2 Canada204

5.4.2.1 Toronto, Ontario204

5.4.2.2 Vancouver, British Columbia206

5.4.3 United Kingdom206

5.4.3.1 Borough of Brent (London, England)206

5.4.4 France208

5.4.4.1 Aix en Provence208

5.4.5 Australia208

5.4.5.1 Brisbane208

5.4.6 Africa209

5.4.6.1 South Africa210

5.5 Conclusion211

5.6 Discussion Questions and Exercises213

Further Reading214

Internet Resources214

6 Policing for the Prevention of Crime: Community and Problem-Oriented Policing215

6.1 Learning Objectives215

6.2 Introduction215

6.3 Retracing the Origins of Community Policing: A Brief History of Policing in Western Societies217

6.3.1 Early "Policing" in England217

6.3.2 Early Policing in North America221

6.3.3 Policing in the Twentieth Century221

6.3.4 The Crisis in Policing223

6.4 Community and Problem-Oriented Policing224

6.4.1 Community Policing225

6.4.1.1 Key Elements of Community Policing226

6.5 Conclusion249

6.6 Discussion Questions and Exercises256

6.7 Important Terms257

Further Reading257

Internet Resources258

Section Ⅳ PLANNING, IMPLEMENTING, AND EVALUATING A CRIME PREVENTION PROJECT261

7 The Crime Prevention Project, Phase One: Planning261

7.1 Learning Objectives261

7.2 Introduction261

7.3 The Crime Prevention Plan as a Strategic Plan262

7.4 Key Stages in the Planning a Crime Prevention Project263

7.4.1 Initial Community Outreach263

7.4.1.1 Stage One: Define and Understand the Community;Identify Community Members and Other Key Stakeholders263

7.4.1.2 Stage Two: Hold an Initial Community Meeting266

7.4.2 Research267

7.4.2.1 Stage Three: Involve Community Members and Other Key Partners in the Research Process267

7.4.2.2 Stage Four: Plan the Data Collection (Draft a Research Proposal)269

7.4.2.3 Stage Five: Conduct Research (Collect Information)278

7.4.2.4 Stage Six: Collate and Analyze the Collected Information278

7.4.3 The Crime Prevention Plan282

7.4.3.1 Stage Seven: Develop the Crime Prevention Plan282

7.4.3.2 Stage Eight: Plan for How the Strategies Will Be Monitored and Evaluated285

7.4.3.3 Stage Nine: Prepare the Crime Prevention Planning Report286

7.4.3.4 Stage Ten: Disseminate a (Draft) Crime Prevention Plan286

7.4.3.5 Stage Eleven: Modify the Crime Prevention Plan (if Necessary)286

7.4.3.6 Stage Twelve: Finalize the Crime Prevention Plan287

7.4.3.7 Stage Thirteen: Seek Funding to Support the Crime Prevention Activities287

7.4.5 Stage Fourteen: Collect Pre-Test Evaluation Data288

7.5 Exercise288

7.6 Important Terms289

Further Reading and Internet Resources289

The Crime Prevention Project Process289

Community Organizing290

Community Leadership290

Collecting Information on Local Crime and Disorder Problems290

The Research Process (General)290

Safety Audits290

Victimization Surveys290

Analyzing Data (Applying Critical Thinking Skills)291

Report Writing291

Crime Prevention Plans291

8 The Crime Prevention Project, Phase Two: Implementing a Crime Prevention Project293

8.1 Learning Objectives293

8.2 Introduction293

8.3 Mobilizing the Community: Obtaining Community Support for and Participation in the Crime Prevention Activities295

8.3.1 Community Outreach and Communication: Intensive,Varied, Personal, and Appropriate296

8.3.2 Organize at the Micro Level297

8.3.3 Reaching"Communities within a Community"298

8.3.4 Reaching Out to and Involving Those Who Typically Do Not Become Active Locally299

8.3.5 Leadership302

8.3.6 Working with Volunteers303

8.3.7 Partnerships and Team-Building304

8.4 Determining the Type of Organization That Will Carry Out the Crime Prevention Activities305

8.5 Sustaining a Crime Prevention Program and Activities over Time307

8.6 Conclusion308

8.7 Discussion Questions and Exercises309

8.8 Important Terms309

Further Reading/Internet Resources309

9 The Crime Prevention Project, Phases Three and Four: Evaluating and Adjusting the Crime Prevention Plan311

9.1 Learning Objectives311

9.2 Introduction311

9.3 An Overview of Evaluations312

9.3.1 Why Evaluations Are Important for Crime Prevention312

9.3.2 When the Evaluation Process Should Begin313

9.3.3 Who Should Conduct the Evaluation313

9.4 Evaluation Methodologies314

9.4.1 Pre-Test/Post-Test Comparison315

9.4.2 Planned vs. Actual Performance315

9.4.3 Comparison between "Treatment" and "Control" Groups316

9.5 Important Variables to Measure317

9.6 Research Methods and Information Sources318

9.7 A Step-by-Step Guide to Carrying Out an Evaluation319

9.7.1 Stage One: Planning and Designing the Evaluation320

9.7.2 Stage Two: Pre-Test Information Collection327

9.7.3 Stage Three: Implement and Monitor the Project327

9.7.4 Stage Four: Post-Test Information Collection327

9.7.5 Stage Five: Collate and Analyze the Data328

9.7.6 Stage Six: Compile the Final Evaluation Report329

9.7.7 Stage Seven: Disseminate the Report and Solicit Feedback330

9.8 Phase Four: Modifying the Project331

9.9 Exercises331

9.10 Important Terms331

Further Reading/Internet Resources332

Appendix: Crime Prevention Survey333

A. Victimization/Fear of Crime333

B. Calls for Police Service333

C. Social Integration, Cohesion and Territoriality334

D. Awareness of and Participation in Safety and Security Measures334

Bibliography335

Index365

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