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Part One General Considerations1

Ⅰ．Fundamental Principles of Haematology1

1．Terminology1

2．Classification of the blood cells into groups,species and stages of development3

Classification of the blood corpuscles into groups and species4

Classification of the Species into stages of development4

A) The System of the normocytes4

B) The System of the megalocytes4

C) The system of the basophils with soluble granulation (blood basophils)5

D) The system of the eosinophils5

E) The system of the neutrophils5

F) The system of the monocytes5

G) The system of the lymphocytes5

H) The system of the plasma cells5

I) The system of the megakaryocytes and platelets5

3．Origin of the blood cells5

4．The blood corpuscles under normal conditions6

a) Reproduction and maturation6

b) Functions10

c) Destruction10

d) Artefacts11

5．The blood corpuscles under abnormal conditions11

a) Hereditary familial anomalies of the blood corpuscles12

b) Reactive (secondary) changes12

c) ＂Primary＂changes14

d) Disturbances in reproduction15

e) Disturbances in maturation and in the entrance of blood cells into the circulation16

f) Disturbances connected with the destruction of the blood cells17

6．Cellular elements occurring in bone marrow films and not belonging to the haemopoietic systems18

a) Cells proper to the bones and bone marrow18

b) Cells foreign to the bones and bone marrow19

7．Polyploidy of the blood cells21

a) Terminology21

b) Polyploidy under normal conditions22

c) Polyploidy under pathological conditions;atypical mitoses and unclear anomalies22

Ⅱ．The Technique of Blood and Bone Marrow Examination25

1．Technique of making blood films on microscope slides25

2．Staining of blood and bone marrow films26

Ⅲ．Forms for Recording the Results of Blood and Bone Marrow Examinations32

Notes on the use of the forms32

Blood picture form33

Bone marrow,simple form34

Bone marrow,detailed form35

Ⅳ．Normal Values obtained on Blood and Bone Marrow Examination36

1．Determination of general,physical and chemical properties36

2．Haemoglobin37

3．Corpuscular elements38

4．Relative bone marrow picture (haemomyelogram)39

5．Chemical constituents40

Part Two Systematic Survey of the Morphology of the Blood Corpuscles41

Ⅰ．Table for the differentiation of mature leucocytes41

Ⅱ．Tables for the differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles42

Ⅲ．The erythrocytes43

1．Classification of the erythrocytes43

2．The system of the normocytes44

Stages of development of the normocytes44

Nucleoli45

Mitosis45

3．The system of the megalocytes45

Stages of development of the megalocytes45

Nucleoli45

Mitosis45

4．The erythrocytes under abnormal conditions45

Pernicious anaemia45

Hereditary anomalies of the normocytes46

Secondary changes in erythrocytes;artefacts46

Ⅳ．The leucocytes48

1．Classification of the leucocytes48

2．The system of the blood basophils49

Stages of development of the blood basophils49

Nucleoli49

Mitosis and chromosomes49

The basophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles49

Atypical forms of blood basophils49

Excessive production of basophils49

Destruction50

Artefacts50

Differentiation of the basophils50

3．The system of the eosinophils50

Stages of development of the eosinophils50

Granulation51

Nucleoli51

Mitosis and chromosomes51

The eosinophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles51

Atypical forms of eosinophils52

Excessive production of eosinophils52

Destruction52

Artefacts52

Differentiation of eosinophils52

4．The system of the neutrophils53

Stages of development of the neutrophils53

Granulation53

Nucleoli53

Mitosis and chromosomes53

Differentiation between segmented neutrophils and staff forms54

The neutrophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles54

Atypical forms of neutrophils56

production of neutrophils56

Destruction57

Artefacts57

Differentiation of the neutrophils57

Peroxidase reaction57

Differentiation between immature neutrophils (juvenile and staff forms) and monocytes with deeply indented nuclei57

5．The system of the monocytes57

Stages of development of the monocytes57

Mitosis and chromosomes58

Polymorphism of the monocytes58

The monocytes in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles59

Atypical forms of monocytes59

Differentiation of the monocytes60

Excessive production of monocytes60

Destruction60

Artefacts60

6．The system of the lymphocytes61

Stages of development of the lymphocytes61

Mitosis and chromosomes61

The lymphocytes on hereditary anomalies of teh blood corpuscles61

Excessive production and diminished production of lymphocytes62

Destruction62

Artefacts62

Differentiation of lymphocytes62

Peroxidase reaction62

7．The system of the plasma cells62

Stages of development of the plasma cells62

Granulation63

Nucleoli63

Mitosis and chromosomes63

The plasma cells in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles63

Atypical forms of plasma cells63

Excessive production of plasma cells63

Destruction64

Artefacts64

Differentiation of plasma cells64

Peroxidase reaction64

Unna-Pappenheim staining64

8．The system of the megakaryocytes and platelets64

Stages of development of the megakaryocytes and platelets64

Granulation65

Mitosis and chromosomes65

The megakaryocytes and platelets in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles65

Atypical forms of megakaryocytes and platelets65

Excessive production and diminished production of megakaryocytes and platelets66

Differentiation of megakaryocytes and platelets66

Destruction66

Artefacts67

Ⅴ．Cellular Elements found on Marrow Puncture but not belonging to the Haemopoietic Systems68

1．Cells proper to the bones and bone marrow68

Tissue basophils68

Vascular cells68

Stroma cells (fat cells)68

Osteoblasts68

Osteoclasts69

2．Cells foreign to the bones and bone marrow69

Elements introduced as teh result of pathological conditions69

Tumour cells69

Lymphogranuloma cells69

Elements introduced into the marrow during puncture70

Ⅵ．Destruction of the Blood Cells70

Ⅶ．Artefacts of Cellular Elements of the Blood and Bone Marrow70

Ⅷ．Soiling of Blood and Bone Marrow Films71

Ⅸ．Blood Parasites72

Spirochaets and leptospiras72

Malarial parasites (Plasmodia) 72

Trypanosomes73

Leishmanias74

Filariae74

1．Filariae having sheathed larvae (microfilariae)74

2．Filariae having unsheathed larvae (microfilariae)74

Bartonellas75

Blastomycetes75

Part Three Illustrated Section with Explanatory Notes76

Erythrocytes77

Investigation of the therapeutic action of ferrous iron in iron-deficiency anaemia8

Leucocytes9

differentiation9

basophils11

eosinophils12

neutrophils14

monocytes20

lymphocytes24

plasmocytes26

megakaryocytes and platelets29

miscellaneous32

Non-haemopoietic elements in the bone marrow34

Disintegrating forms40

Artefacts41

Blood parasites42

Literature77

A．List of haematological textbooks and manuals77

B．References to publications on cases illustrated78

Subject Index79

Index to Tables and Record Forms2

Table 1 Ten genealogical table of the blood cells2

Table 2 Classification of the blood corpuscles into groups and species4

Table 3 Formation of diploid and polyploid cells20

Table 4 Summary of the staining methods described and their applications26

Table 5 Differentiation of blood cells by various peroxidase reactions29

Form for recording the blood picture33

Simple from for the bone marrow picture34

Detailed form for the bone marrow picture35

Table 6 Differentiation of mature normal leucocytes in panoptically stained blood films41

Table 7 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in cell size and in cytoplasm42

Table 8 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in the nuclei42

Table 9 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in the nuclei43

Table 10 Nuclear picture of the eosinophils51

Table 11 Nuclear picture of the nurtrophils54

Table 12 Nuclear picture of the neutrophils in Pelger＇s anomaly55