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Chapter 1　The dawning of Chinese lexicographical culture and the origin of Chinese lexicography1

1.1 The Chinese writing system and the theory of"six-category Chinese characters"2

1.2 Ancient reading primers and the source of Chinese lexicographical works5

1.3 The precursors of Chinese lexicographical works and their theoretical significance9

1.4 Theoretical explorations in lexicographical issues in ancient China23

Chapter 2　Chinese character dictionaries from the Cao Wei Period(220-265)to the Qing Dynasty(1616-1911)27

2.1 The socio-cultural background for the development and formation of character dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty27

2.2 A brief introduction to some representative character dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty31

2.3 Some explorations in lexicographic theories for character dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty40

2.4 The academic value and cultural implications of character dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty45

Chapter 3 Chinese word dictionaries from the Cao Wei Period(220-265)to the Qing Dynasty(1616-1911)47

3.1 The socio-cultural background for the development and formation of word dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty48

3.2 A brief introduction to some representative word dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty50

3.3 Some explorations in lexicographic theories for word dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty58

3.4 The academic value and cultural implications of word dictionaries between the Cao Wei Period and the Qing Dynasty60

Chapter 4 Chinese bilingual dictionaries from the Tang Dynasty(618-907)to the Qing Dynasty(1616-1911)63

4.1 The Buddhist period64

4.1.1 The preaching of Buddhism and the genesis of bilingual lexicography64

4.1.2 The Buddhist sutras and the emergence of bilingual works65

4.2 The ethnic minority language period67

4.2.1 Combinations of Chinese with Japanese,Vietnamese and Korean67

4.2.2 Combinations of Chinese with its ethnic minority languages68

4.2.3 Combinations of Chinese with Manchu in the Qing Dynasty70

4.3 The missionary period72

4.3.1 Combinations of Chinese with Latin,Portuguese and French72

4.3.2 Combinations of Chinese with English73

4.3.3 Combinations of Chinese with other European and Asian languages75

4.4 The government-led compilation period76

4.4.1 The Chinese government establishments and bilingual glossary compilation76

4.4.2 The introduction of western technology and specialized bilingual dictionary making78

Chapter 5 Chinese special and encyclopedic dictionaries from the Cao Wei Period(220-265)to the Qing Dynasty(1616-1911)80

5.1 The socio-cultural background for the birth and evolution of ancient special and encyclopedic dictionaries80

5.1.1 The historical background for the birth and development of special dictionaries81

5.1.2 The historical background for the birth and development of encyclopedic dictionaries83

5.2 A brief introduction to some representative special dictionaries in ancient China84

5.2.1 A brief analysis of some representative special-aspect dictionaries85

5.2.2 A brief analysis of some representative rhyme dictionaries87

5.2.3 A brief analysis of some representative specialized dictionaries90

5.3 A brief introduction to some representative classified dictionaries in ancient China94

5.4 The academic value and cultural significance of ancient special and encyclopedic dictionaries99

Chapter 6 Philological dictionaries of the Chinese language in the 20th century:Status quo and trends102

6.1 The innovation and transformation of philological dictionaries of the Chinese language(1900-1949)106

6.1.1 The beginning of the 20th century to the May Fourth Movement107

6.1.2 The May Fourth Movement to the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression1113

6.1.3 From the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression to the founding of the People's Republic of China122

6.2 The renascence and retrogression of philological dictionaries of the Chinese language(1950-1976)126

6.2.1 The first 17 years of New China127

6.2.2 The ten years of the Great Cultural Revolution131

6.3 The stabilization and flourishing of philological dictionaries of the Chinese language(1977-1999)132

6.4 The development of dialect dictionaries in the 20th century142

6.4.1 Self-motivated development period(1900-1949)144

6.4.2 Survey and description period(1950-1976)147

6.4.3 Overall development period(1977-1999)148

6.5 The development of minority language dictionaries in the 20th century154

6.6 The 20th-century philological dictionary compilation:characteristics and prospects163

Chapter 7 The development and boom of Chinese bilingual dictionaries in the 20th century172

7.1 Chinese bilingual dictionaries in the 20th century:from following the West to independent compilation174

7.1.1 The simulative shaping of English-Chinese dictionaries in China175

7.1.2 The simulative shaping of Chinese-English dictionaries in China177

7.1.3 The simulative shaping of Chinese-Japanese/Japanese-Chinese bilingual dictionaries180

7.1.4 The simulative shaping of Chinese-Russian/Russian-Chinese bilingual dictionaries181

7.2 The depression and amelioration of Chinese bilingual dictionaries in the 20th century182

7.2.1 The depression and amelioration of English bilingual dictionaries183

7.2.2 The depression and amelioration of Russian bilingual dictionaries186

7.2.3 The depression and amelioration of Japanese bilingual dictionaries187

7.3 The flourishing of Chinese bilingual dictionaries in the 20th century188

7.3.1 The flourishing of English-Chinese dictionaries189

7.3.2 The flourishing of Chinese-English dictionaries191

7.3.3 The flourishing of Japanese bilingual dictionaries193

7.3.4 The flourishing of Russian bilingual dictionaries195

7.4 The development of bilingual dictionaries of Chinese minority languages197

7.4.1 The Tibetan bilingual dictionaries198

7.4.2 The Mongolian bilingual dictionaries199

7.4.3 The Yi bilingual dictionaries201

7.5 The 20th-century Chinese bilingual dictionaries:characteristics and prospects203

7.5.1 The characteristics of bilingual dictionaries in the 20th century203

7.5.2 The trends of the development of bilingual dictionaries in the future206

Chapter 8 Special and encyclopedic dictionaries in the 20th-century China:status quo and trends211

8.1 The development of Chinese specialized dictionaries in the 20th century212

8.2 The development of Chinese special-aspect dictionaries in the 20th century224

8.3 The development of Chinese encyclopedic dictionaries in the 20th century230

8.4 The development of Chinese encyclopedias in the 20th century238

8.5 The 20th-century Chinese special and encyclopedic dictionaries:characteristics and prospects249

Chapter 9 Chinese learners dictionaries:their origin,status quo and trends254

9.1 The inception of learners dictionaries in a broader context254

9.2 The background for the development of learners dictionaries255

9.3 The monolingual English learners dictionaries in the 20th century260

9.4 The development of English-Chinese learners dictionaries in China in the 20th century265

9.5 The development of Chinese monolingual learners dictionaries in China in the 20th century269

9.6 The 20th-century Chinese learners dictionary compilation:its deficiencies and prospects273

Chapter 10 Chinese electronic dictionaries:their origin,status quo and trends276

10.1 The emergence of electronic dictionaries in a broader context276

10.2 A brief description of electronic dictionaries:their types and characteristics278

10.3 The development of Chinese electronic dictionaries284

10.4 The 20th-century Chinese electronic dictionary making:its deficiencies and prospects290

Chapter 11 Dictionary compilation and research in Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan in the 20th century294

11.1 Dictionary compilation and research in Hong Kong:its origin and development in the 20th century295

11.1.1 Initial development(1900-the 1940s)296

11.1.2 Gradual improvement(the 1950s-the 1970s)298

11.1.3 Diversified growth(the 1980s-the 1990s)303

11.2 Dictionary compilation and research in Macao:its origin and development in the 20th century312

11.3 Dictionary compilation and research in Taiwan:its origin and development in the 20th century318

11.3.1 The Japanese occupation period(1900-1945)321

11.3.2 The martial law execution period(1945-1987)322

11.3.3 The post-martial law execution period (1987-1999)333

11.4 Dictionary compilation and research in Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan in the 20th century:its characteristics and prospects341

Chapter 12 Theoretical inquiries in Chinese lexicography in the 20th century:an overview345

12.1 A panoramic analysis of the development of theoretical explorations in Chinese lexicography in the 20th century346

12.1.1 The foundation stage(1900-1948)349

12.1.2 The construction stage(1949-1978)353

12.1.3 The formation stage(1979-1999)356

12.2 The debates on dictionary attributes and the status of lexicography as a discipline358

12.3 Studies in various branches of Chinese lexicography in the 20th century362

12.4 The application of findings in contemporary linguistics to Chinese lexicography376

12.5 A sketch of academic activities for lexicography in China in the 20th century381

12.6 Theoretical explorations in Chinese lexicography in the 20th century:a summary388

Bibliography397

Appendix Ⅰ The Chronology of Chinese History404

Appendix Ⅱ Book Titlesfrom the Zhou to the Qing dynasties Listed from English to Chinese with English Titles Arranged in Alphabetic Order409

Appendix Ⅲ Book Titlesfrom the Zhou to the Qing dynasties Listed from Chinese to English with Chinese Titles Arranged in Pinyin Order420