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An Introduction to Technical and Vocational Education in China1

1. 1 Development History of Technical and Vocational Education1

1.1.1 Technical and Vocational Education before the Founding of the People's Republic of China1

1. 1.2 Technical and Vocational Education after the Founding of the People's Republic of China3

1.2 Technical and Vocational Education in Mainland China6

1.2.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education7

1.2.2 Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education12

1.2.3 Reform Tendency of Technical and Vocational Education15

1.3 Technical and Vocational Education in Hong Kong,China18

1.3.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education18

1.3.2 Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education23

1.4 Technical and Vocational Education in Macao,China25

1.4.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education26

1.4.2 Problems with Technical and Vocational Education30

1.5 Technical and Vocational Education in Taiwan,China31

1.5.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education31

1.5.2 Reform of Technical and Vocational Education33

Vocational Training and Employment35

2.1 Forms of Employment Transition35

2.1.1 History of Vocational Guidance35

2.1.2 Process of Vocational Guidance37

2.1.3 Ways and Methods of Vocational Guidance38

2.2 Training and Employment Market41

2.2.1 Approaches and Policies of Employment41

2.2.2 Policies of Employment41

2.2.3 Current Situation of Labor Employment43

2.2.4 Tracking Surveys and Services to Graduates46

2.2.5 Developing Tendency of Vocational Training and Employment48

Curriculum of Technical and Vocational Education51

3.1 The Meaning and Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum51

3.1.1 The Meaning of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum51

3.1.2 Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum52

3.2 Setup Orientation of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum52

3.2.1 Setup Ideas of Curriculum52

3.2.2 Setup Goals of Curriculum53

3.2.3 Framework of Curriculum54

3.3 Types of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum56

3.3.1 Knowledge-based Curriculum56

3.3.2 Competence-based Curriculum59

3.4 Development of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum61

3.4.1 Principles of Curriculum Development61

3.4.2 Process of Curriculum Development63

3.4.3 Main Models of Curriculum Development66

3.5 Reform of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum71

3.5.1 Context of Curriculum Reform72

3.5.2 Contents of Curriculum Reform73

3.5.3 Tendency of Curriculum Reform76

3.5.4 The Case of Curriculum Reform—Analysis of Reform of Secondary Technical and Vocational Education in Zhejiang Province78

4 Specialty Setup of Technical and Vocational Education85

4.1 Several Conceptions about Specialty Setup of Chinese Vocational Schools86

4.1.1 Specialty Setup86

4.1.2 Specialty Catalog87

4.2 Fundamental Basis of Specialty Setup of Chinese Technical and Vocational Education92

4.2.1 Training Objectives of Technical and Vocational Education92

4.2.2 Demands of Society for Occupations(Professional Post Group)94

4.2.3 Adjustment of Industrial Structure and Advancement of Science and Technology96

4.2.4 Establishment of Characteristic and Competitive Specialties97

4.3 Characteristics of Specialty Setup of Technical and Vocational Education98

4.3.1 Expansion of Specialty Scale98

4.3.2 Adjustment of Specialty Structure99

4.3.3 Flexibility of Specialty Setup102

4.3.4 Update of Specialty Name103

4.3.5 Wide Connotation of Specialty103

4.3.6 Normative Management of Specialty Setup104

4.4 Current Situation of Specialty Setup of Technical and Vocational Education104

4.4.1 Current Situation of Specialty Setup of Higher Technical and Vocational Education104

4.4.2 Current Situation of Specialty Setup of Secondary Technical and Vocational Education118

4.5 Administrative Document of Specialty Setup of Chinese Technical and Vocational Education136

4.5.1 Administrative Measures of Specialty Setup of General Colleges,Higher Technical and Vocational Institutes(trial)136

4.5.2 Principles and Suggestions on Specialty Setup of Secondary Vocational Schools139

5 Teaching of Technical and Vocational Education143

5.1 Teaching Modes of Technical and Vocational Education143

5.1.1 A Brief Introduction143

5.1.2 Some Common Teaching Modes145

5.2 Teaching Methods of Technical and Vocational Education152

5.2.1 A Brief Introduction152

5.2.2 Some Common Teaching Methods155

5.3 Teaching Organization Forms of Technical and Vocational Education164

5.3.1 A Brief Introduction164

5.3.2 Some Common Forms of Teaching Organization165

5.4 Characteristics of Teaching of Technical and Vocational Education169

5.4.1 Clear Vocation-orientation169

5.4.2 Behavior-oriented Teaching Process170

5.4.3 Integration of Theory and Practice170

5.4.4 Cooperation of All Participants during the Teaching Process172

6 Teachers of Technical and Vocational Education175

6.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education Teaching Faculty175

6.1.1 Structure of Teaching Faculty175

6.1.2 Cultivating and Training System of Teaching Faculty179

6.1.3 Management of Teaching Faculty183

6.1.4 Problems with Teaching Faculty Construction186

6.2 Traits and Requirements of Technical and Vocational Education Teaching Faculty187

6.2.1 Traits of Teaching Faculty188

6.2.2 Requirements of Teaching Faculty192

6.3 Professional Development of Technical and Vocational Education Teaching Faculty198

6.3.1 Professionalism of Teaching Faculty198

6.3.2 Reflection on Professional Development of Teaching Faculty201

7 Management of Technical and Vocational Education207

7.1 Management System of Technical and Vocational Education207

7.1.1 Development History of Management System207

7.1.2 Current Situation of Management System211

7.2 School Management of Technical and Vocational Education214

7.2.1 Management System214

7.2.2 Management Modes219

7.3 Teacher Management of Technical and Vocational Education225

7.3.1 Source of Vocational School Teachers225

7.3.2 Appointment and Evaluation of Vocational School Teachers227

7.4 Other Management of Technical and Vocational Education in China230

7.4.1 Major Management and Curriculum Provision230

7.4.2 Teaching and Training Management231

7.4.3 Textbook Management233

7.5 Thinking for Improving Technical and Vocational Education Management234

7.5.1 Improving the Macro-management of Technical and Vocational Education234

7.5.2 Improving the Micro-management of Technical and Vocational Education238

References245

Index249