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1．HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION1

2．AUTHORIZATION FOR AUTOPSY14

3．GENERAL TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS35

4．UNEXPECTED DEATH FROM NATURAL CAUSES，ACCIDENTAL DEATH，AND MEDICOLEGAL CASES53

5．AUTOPSY ON PATIENTS WHO HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO OR TREATED WITH RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES78

6．EXTERNAL EXAMINATION：EXAMINATION OF THE BREAST AND SEROUS CAVITIES；REMOVAL OF ORGANS82

Breast99

Peritoneal Cavity111

Thoracic Cavity118

Pleural Cavity121

Pericardial Cavity123

Removal of Organs128

7．EXAMINATION OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND TISSUES151

Veins151

Lymph Vessels154

Celiac Plexus157

Lymph Nodes157

Suprarenals160

8．MALE GENITOURINARY TRACT167

Kidneys167

Pelves and Ureters191

Urinary Bladder and Urethra193

Prostate197

Testis，Epididymis，Spermatic Cord，Seminal Vesicle，Scrotum，and Penis200

9．RECTUM209

10．FEMALE GENITALIA210

Vulva214

Bartholin Gland216

Vagina216

Cervix and Uterus217

Fallopian Tubes222

Ovaries223

11．NECK ORGANS AND ORAL CAVITY229

Parathyroid Glands229

Thyroid235

Oral Cavity，Tonsils，Palate，Pharynx，Salivary Glands，Malignant Tumors of the Epipharynx，and Teeth239

12．NOSE AND ACCESSORY SINUSES250

13．ESOPHAGUS，LARYNX，TRACHEA，AND BRONCHI254

Esophagus254

Larynx，Trachea，and Bronchi256

14．CHEST ORGANS262

Thymus262

Lungs264

Heart and Aorta(Arteries)283

15．GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT325

Intestines328

Stomach342

16．GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS349

17．LIVER354

18．PANCREAS366

19．SPLEEN371

20．SKULL，MENINGES，EAR，BRAIN，HYPOPHYSIS，AND PINEAL BODY383

Dura Mater(Pachymeninx)387

Pia and Arachnoid(Leptomeninges)390

Hypophysis417

Pineal Body420

21．SPINAL CORD421

22．PERIPHERAL NERVES426

23．SKELETAL AND MUSCLE SYSTEM428

Bones428

Cartilage443

Joints444

Skeletal Muscles448

Tendon and Fascial Sheaths and Bursae451

24．BLOOD DYSCRASIAS453

25．AUTOPSIES ON STILLBORNS AND INFANTS459

26．ANATOMIC FINDINGS IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES470

27．NOTES ON CERTAIN TROPICAL DISEASES475

28．AUTOPSY TISSUE BANKING TECHNICS482

29．＂DO＂OR＂DON＇T＂AND CERTAIN SUGGESTIONS FOR QUICK ORIENTATION492

30．NOTE ON AUTOPSIES ON EMBALMED AND DECOMPOSED BODIES501

31．WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF ORGANS507

INDEX513

ILLUSTRATIONS28

1A．Form of Autopsy Authorization(Front)28

1B．Form of Autopsy Authorization(Reverse)29

2．Postmortem Instruments：Scissors and Knives37

3．Postmortem Instruments：Saws38

4．Postmortem Instruments：Hammer，Needle，Chisel，Bone Rongeur39

5．Postmortem Instruments：Rib Knife，Brunetti＇s Chisels40

6．Primary Incision Most Commonly Used96

7．Primary Incision Continuing to the Middle of the Groin97

8．Removal of Skin and Muscles from Thorax98

9．Cutting Through First Intercostal Space116

10．Method of Opening Thoracic Cavity117

11．Removal of Sternum and Attached Cartilaginous Portions of Ribs117

12．Cutting Through First Rib118

13．Method of Opening Sternoclavicular Joint119

14．Cutting Through Sternoclavicular Joint120

15．After the Rectum Has Been Freed129

16．Cutting Through Left Portion of Diaphragm130

17．Cutting Through Right Portion of Diaphragm130

18．Severing Large Branches of Aorta，Trachea，Esophagus，and Soft Tissues Down to Spinal Column131

19．Cutting Through Tissue Between Aorta and Spinal Column132

20．Primary Incision in Presence of Previous Operative Incision135

21．Incisions into the Isolated Heart142

22．Cutting the Right Atrium Between the Openings of the Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae143

23．Opening of the Right Ventricle Along the Margo Acutus144

24．Opening of the Pulmonary Artery145

25．Opening of the Left Ventricle and Aortic Valve147

26．Relationship of Femoral Artery，Vein，and Nerve152

27．Diagram Showing Sites of Origin of Retroperitoneal Tumors156

28．Section Through Kidney169

29．Removal of Capsule of Kidney169

30．Method of Opening Uterine Cavity211

31．Method of Opening Right and Left Horns of Uterus211

32．Anomalies of Uterus213

33．Anomalies of Uterus214

34．Location of the Parathyroids230

35．Structures of Anterior and Posterior Cervical Triangles233

36．Single and Double Incomplete Cleft Lip240

37．Cleft of Entire Hard and Soft Palate；Tripartite Cleft240

38．Complete Single Cleft of Entire Soft and Hard Palates241

39．Section Through Lung(Left Upper Lobe)265

40．Section Through Lung(Right Upper and Middle Lobes)266

41．Section Through Heart；Opening Left Ventricle284

42．Section Through Heart；Cutting Through Righ Ventricle and Atrium285

43．Continuation of Section Through Right Heart；Opening Pulmonary Valve and Artery286

44．Continuation of Section Through Left Heart；Opening Mitral Valve and Left Atrium287

45．Continuation of Section Through Left Heart；Opening Aortic Valve and Aorta288

46．Distribution of Coronary Arteries as Found in 80 Per Cent of Adult Human Hearts290

47．Location of the Sinus Node，the Atrioventricular Node，and the Right Bundle of His291

48．Location of the Left Bundle of His292

49．Normal Aortic Valve322

50．Insufficiency of Aortic Valve322

51．Stenosis of Aortic Orifice322

52．Involvement of Aortic Valve in Syphilitic Aortitis322

53．Severing of Uppermost Portion of Jejunum326

54．Cutting Mesentery Close to Its Attachment to Intestines326

55．Method of Opening Small Intestine327

56．Method of Opening Large Intestine327

57．Abnormalities of Anus328

58．Method of Opening Duodenum and Stomach342

59．Portal Ligament and Adjacent Structures350

60．Section Through Liver355

61．Section Through Spleen372

62．Primary Incision Through Scalp384

63．Line of Opening Skull385

64．Opening Longitudinal Sinus386

65．Incision into Dura387

66．Cutting Through Tentorium394

67．Incisions for Removal of Block Containing Hypophysis and Internal Carotid Artery395

68．Diagram of Base of Skull396

69．Lines of Incisions for Demonstrating the Auditory Apparatus397

70．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Removal of Hemispheres402

71．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Dissection of Lateral Ventricles403

72．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Removal of Corpus Callosum404

73．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Completion of Dissection of Ventricles405

74．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Lines of Cutting Through Cerebellum405

75．Vertical Cross Section Through Formalin-Fixed Brain406

76．Structures of Brain To Be Examined Histologically for Rabies411

77．Removal of Spinal Cord422

78．Various Types of Fractures434

79．Diagram Showing Osseous Development of Infant at Full Term，and Development of Ossification Centers in Weeks462

80．Location of Venous Sinuses of the Base of the Skull，the Vein of Galen and the Veins of the Orbit465

TABLES112

1．Differential Diagnostic Features of the Origin of Various Types of Fluid Found in the Peritoneal Cavity112

2．Differential Diagnostic Features of the Origin of Various Types of Fluid Found in the Pleural Cavity121

3．Differential Diagnostic Features of the Origin of Various Types of Fluid Found in the Pericardial Cavity125

4．Differential Diagnostic Features of Some Kidney Lesions184

5．Clinical Differential Diagnostic Outline of Some Kidney Diseases185

6．Differential Diagnostic Features of the More Common Types of Thyroid Lesions238

7．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lung Lesions Not Involving an Entire Lobe280

8．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lung Lesions Involving a Whole Lobe or Entire Lung282

9．Determination of Approximate Age of Myocardial Infarct303

10．Differential Diagnostic Features of More Common Types of Endocarditis310

11．Differential Diagnostic Features of Functional Disturbances of Heart Valves314

12．Differential Diagnostic Features of Some Intestinal Lesions334

13．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lesions in Liver356

14．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lesions Involving Parts of Spleen373

15．Differential Diagnostic Features of Some Lesions That Involve the Spleen Diffusely374

16．Criteria for Classification as to Period of Development463

17．Vitamin Deficiencies—Tissue Affected472

18．Vitamin Deficiencies—Disease Produced473

19．Weight of Organs of Children508