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Chapter 1.Overview of Satellite Systems1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services2

1.3 Intelsat4

1.4 U.S.Domsats8

1.5 Polar Orbiting Satellites11

1.6 Problems19

Chapter 2.Orbits and Launching Methods21

2.1 Introduction21

2.2 Kepler s First Law21

2.3 Kepler s Second Law22

2.4 Kepler s Third Law23

2.5 Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites24

2.6 Orbital Elements27

2.7 Apogee and Perigee Heights29

2.8.1 Effects of a Nonspherical Earth30

2.8 Orbital Perturbations30

2.8.2 Atmospheric Drag35

2.9 Inclined Orbits36

2.9.1 Calendars37

2.9.2 Universal Time38

2.9.3 Julian Dates39

2.9.4 Sidereal Time41

2.9.5 The Orbital Plane42

2.9.6 The Geocentric-Equatorial Coordinate System46

2.9.7 Earth Station Referred to the IJK Frame48

2.9.8 The Topocentric-Horizon Coordinate System53

2.9.9 The Subsatellite Point57

2.9.10 Predicting Satellite Position59

2.10 Sun-Synchronous Orbit60

2.11 Problems62

Chapter 3.The Geostationary Orbit67

3.1 Introduction67

3.2 Antenna Look Angles68

3.3 The Polar Mount Antenna75

3.4 Limits of Visibility77

3.5 Near Geostationary Orbits79

3.6 Earth Eclipse of Satellite82

3.7 Sun Transit Outage83

3.8 Launching Orbits83

3.9 Problems86

Chapter 4.Radio Wave Propagation91

4.1 Introduction91

4.2 Atmospheric Losses91

4.3 Ionospheric Effects92

4.4 Rain Attenuation96

4.5 Other Propagation Impairments99

4.6 Problems99

Chapter 5.Polarization101

5.1 Introduction101

5.2 Antenna Polarization105

5.3 Polarization of Satellite Signals108

5.4 Cross-Polarization Discrimination113

5.5 Ionospheric Depolarization115

5.6 Rain Depolarization116

5.7 Ice Depolarization118

5.8 Problems118

Chapter 6.Antennas121

6.1 Introduction121

6.2 Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas122

6.3 Coordinate System123

6.4 The Radiated Fields124

6.5 Power Flux Denslty128

6.6 The Isotropic Radiator and Antenna Gain128

6.7 Radiation Pattern129

6.8 Beam Solid Angle and Directivity131

6.9 Effective Aperture132

6.10 The Half-Wave Dipole133

6.11 Aperture Antennas134

6.12 Horn Antennas139

6.13 The Parabolic Reflector144

6.14 The Offset Feed149

6.15 Double-Reflector Antennas150

6.16 Shaped Reflector Systems154

6.17 Arrays157

6.18 Problems161

Chapter 7.The Space Segment167

7.1 Introduction167

7.2 The Power Supply167

7.3 Attitude Control170

7.3.1 Spinning Satellite Stabilization172

7.3.2 Momentum Wheel Stabilization174

7.4 Station Keeping177

7.5 Thermal Control179

7.6 п c Subsystem180

7.7 Transponders181

7.7.1 The Wideband Receiver183

7.7.2 The Input Demultiplexer186

7.7.3 The Power Amplifier186

7.8 The Antenna Subsystem193

7.9 Morelos196

7.10 Anik-E199

7.11 Advanced Tiros-N Spacecraft200

7.12 Problems207

Chapter 8.The Earth Segment209

8.1 Introduction209

8.2 Receive-Only Home TV Systems209

8.2.1 The Outdoor Unit211

8.2.2 The Indoor Unit for Analog (FM) TV212

8.3 Master Antenna TV System212

8.4 Community Antenna TV System213

8.5 Transmit-Receive Earth Stations214

8.6 Problems220

Chapter 9.Analog Signals221

9.1 Introduction221

9.2 The Telephone Channel221

9.3 Single-Sideband Telephony222

9.4 FDM Telephony224

9.5 Color Television226

9.6 Frequency Modulation233

9.6.1 Limiters234

9.6.2 Bandwidth234

9.6.3 FM Detector Noise and Processing Gain237

9.6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio239

9.6.5 Preemphasis and Deemphasis241

9.6.6 Noise Weighting243

9.6.7 S/N and Bandwidth for FDM/FM Telephony243

9.6.8 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for TV/FM246

9.7 Problems247

Chapter 10.Digital Signals251

10.1 Introduction251

10.2 Digital Baseband Signals251

10.3 Pulse-Code Modulation256

10.4 Time-Division Multiplexing260

10.5 Bandwidth Requirements261

10.6 Digital Carrier Systems264

10.6.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying266

10.6.2 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying268

10.6.3 Transmission Rate and Bandwidth for PSK Modulation271

10.6.4 Bit Error Rate for PSK Modulation271

10.7 Carrier Recovery Circuits277

10.8 Bit Timing Recovery278

10.9 Problems279

Chapter 11.Error Control Coding283

11.1 Introduction283

11.2 Linear Block Codes284

11.3 Cyclic Codes285

11.3.1 Hamming codes286

11.3.2 BCH codes286

11.3.3 Reed-Solomon codes286

11.4 Convolution Codes289

11.5 Interleaving292

11.6 Concatenated Codes293

11.7 Link Parameters Affected by Coding294

11.8 Coding Gain296

11.9 Hard Decision and Soft Decision Decoding297

11.10 Automatic Repeat Request(ARQ)300

11.11 Problems302

Chapter 12.The Space Link305

12.1 Introduction305

12.2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power305

12.3 Transmission Losses306

12.3.1 Free-Space Transmission307

12.3.2 Feeder Losses309

12.3.3 Antenna Misalignment Losses309

12.3.4 Fixed Atmospheric and Ionospheric Losses310

12.4 The Link Power Budget Equation311

12.5 System Noise311

12.5.1 Antenna Noise313

12.5.2 Amplifier Noise Temperature314

12.5.3 Amplifiers in Cascade315

12.5.4 Noise Factor317

12.5.5 Noise Temperature of Absorptive Networks318

12.5.6 Overall System Noise Temperature319

12.6 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio320

12.7 The Uplink322

12.7.1 Saturation Flux Density322

12.7.2 Input Back Off324

12.7.3 The Earth Station HPA325

12.8 Downlink326

12.8.1 Output Back Off328

12.8.2 Satellite TWTA Output329

12.9 Effects of Rain330

12.9.1 Uplink rain-fade margin331

12.9.2 Downlink rain-fade margin332

12.10 Combined Uplink and Downlink C/N Ratio335

12.11 Intermodulation Noise338

12.12 Problems340

Chapter 13.Interference345

13.1 Introduction345

13.2 Interference between Satellite Circuits (B1 and B2 Modes)347

13.2.1 Downlink349

13.2.2 Uplink350

13.2.3 Combined [C/I] due to interference on both uplink and downlink351

13.2.4 Antenna gain function351

13.2.5 Passband interference353

13.2.6 Receiver transfer characteristic354

13.2.7 Specified interference objectives355

13.2.8 Protection ratio356

13.3 Energy Dispersal357

13.4 Coordination359

13.4.1 Interference levels360

13.4.2 Transmission gain361

13.4.3 Resulting noise-temperature rise362

13.4.5 Noise power spectral density364

13.4.4 Coordination criterion364

13.5 Problems365

Chapter 14.Satellite Access369

14.1 Introduction369

14.2 Single Access370

14.3 Preassigned FDMA370

14.4 Demand-Assigned FDMA375

14.5 Spade System376

14.6.1 FDMA Downlink Analysis379

14.6 Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited TWT Amplifier Operation379

14.7 TDMA383

14.7.1 Reference Burst387

14.7.2 Preamble and Postamble389

14.7.3 Carrier Recovery390

14.7.4 Network Synchronization390

14.7.5 Unique Word Detection395

14.7.6 Traffic Data398

14.7.7 Frame Efficiency and Channel Capacity398

14.7.8 Preassigned TDMA400

14.7.9 Demand-Assigned TDMA402

14.7.10 Speech Interpolation and Prediction403

14.7.11 Downlink Analysis for Digital Transmission407

14.7.12 Comparison of Uplink Power Requirements for FDMA and TDMA408

14.8 On-Board Signal Processing for FDMA/TDM Operation411

14.9 Satellite-Switched TDMA414

14.10 Code-Division Multiple Access417

14.10.1 Direct-sequence spread spectrum420

14.10.2 The code signal c(t)421

14.10.3 The autocorrelation function for c(t)424

14.10.4 Acquisition and tracking425

14.10.5 Spectrum spreading and despreading427

14.10.6 COMA throughput428

14.11 Problems431

Chapter 15.Satellite Services and the Internet437

15.1 Introduction437

15.2 Network Layers438

15.3 The TCP Link442

15.4 Satellite Links and TCP443

15.5 Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels Using Standard Mechanisms(RFC-2488)445

15.6 Requests for Comments447

15.7 Split TCP Connections449

15.8 Asymmetric Channels451

15.9 Proposed Systems454

15.10 Problems458

Chapter 16.Direct Broadcast Satellite Services461

16.1 Introduction461

16.2 Orbital Spacings461

16.3 Power Rating and Number of Transponders463

16.4 Frequencies and Polarization463

16.5 Transponder Capacity464

16.6 Bit Rates for Digital Television465

16.7 MPEG Compression Standards466

16.8 Forward Error Correction470

16.9 The Home Receiver Outdoor Unit (ODU)471

16.10 The Home Reciever Indoor Unit (IDU)474

16.11 Downlink Analysis474

16.12 Uplink482

16.13 Problems483

17.1 Introduction487

Chapter 17.Satellite Services487

17.2 Satellite Mobile Services488

17.3 VSATs490

17.4 Radarsat492

17.5 Global Positioning Satellite System495

17.6 Orbcomm498

17.7 Problems505

Appendix A.Answers to Selected Problems509

Appendix B.Conic Sections515

Appendix C.NASA Two-Line Orbital Elements533

Appendix D.Listings of Artificial Satellites537

Appendix E.lllustrating Third-Order Intermodulation Products541

Appendix F.Acronyms543

Appendix G.Logarithmic Units549

Appendix H.Mathcad Notation553

References557

Index565