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CHAPTER 1 Welcome to Molecular Biology!GEORGE M.MALACIVSKI3

Goals of Molecular Biology3

The Early Years4

Model Biological Systems5

Methodology of Molecular Biology9

Rapid Progress in Molecular Biology12

Putting the Details of Molecular Biology in Perspective14

Concepts of Molecular Biology16

Progression Diagram17

Rewards from Studying Molecular Biology17

CHAPTER 2 MacromoleculesGEoRGE M MALACINSKI23

Chemical Structures of the Major Classes of Macromolecules24

Noncovalent Interactions that Determine the Three-dimensionalStructures of Proteins and Nucleic Acids28

Macromolecule Isolation and Characterization31

CHAPTER 3 Nucleic Acids ROBERT CEDERGREN39

Physical and Chemical Structure of DNA40

Alternate DNA Structures43

Circular and Superhelical DNA45

Renaturation50

Hybridization53

The Structure of RNA55

Hydrolysis of Nucleic Acids56

Sequencing Nucleic Acids58

Synthesis of DNA60

A Future Practical Application?62

CHAPTER 4 The Physical Structure ofProtein Molecules ALEXANDRA CYNTNv NETON67

Basic Features of Protein Molecules68

The Folding of a Polypeptide Chain68

The a Helix and B3 Structures70

Protein Structure73

Proteins with Subunits76

Enzymes79

A Future Application82

CHAPTER 5 Macromolecular Interactions and theStructure of Complex Aggregates GEORGE M.MALACINSKI87

A Complex DNA Structure: The E. Coli Chromosome88

Chromosomes and Chromatin91

Interaction of DNA and Proteins that Recognize a Specic BaseSequence96

Biological Membranes99

Cytoskeletal Elements102

A Future Practical Application?103

CHAPTER 6 The Genetic MaterialROBERT L. SINSfEimER109

Early Observations on the Mechanism of Heredity110

Identication of DNA as the Genetic Material112

Identication of RNA as the Genetic Material of Ceain Viruses120

Properties of the Genetic Material121

RNA as the Genetic Material127

CHAPTER 7 DNA Replication KENNEn MAuANs131

Semiconservative Replication of Double-Stranded DNA132

Untwisting of Highly Coiled DNA Is Required for DNAReplication133

Initiation of DNA Replication136

Unwinding of DNA for Replication139

Elongation of Newly Synthesized Strands140

DNA Polymerase III Consists of Multiple Subunits143

Antiparallel DNA Strands and Discontinuous Replication145

The Complete DNA Replication System152

Replication of Eukaotic Chromosomes156

A Future Practical Application?158

CHAPTER8 Transcription JOMN RKhkrosoN163

Enzymatic Synthesis of RNA164

Transcription Signals166

Classes of RNA Molecules171

Transcription in Eukaotes174

Means of Studying Intracellular RNA180

A Future Practical Application?182

CHAPTER 9 Translation JOSEk IAN187

Outline of Translation188

The Genetic Code189

The Wobble Hypothesis194

Polycistronic mRNA196

Overlapping Genes196

Polypeptide Synthesis198

Stages of Polypeptide Synthesis in Prokaotes200

Complex Translation Units204

Antibiotics208

A Future Practical Application?208

CHAPTER 10 Mutations Mutagenesisand DNA RepairPNjf C Hstgvwr213

Types of Mutations214

Biochemical Basis of Mutants216

Mutagenesis218

Spontaneous Mutations and Their Repair220

Induced Mutations223

Reversion229

Reversion as a Means of Detecting Mutagens and Carcinogens234

DNA Repair Mechanisms236

Repair by Direct Reversal236

Excision-Repair237

Recombinational Repair238

The SOS Response240

Future Practical Applications?243

CHAPTER 11 Regulation of Gene Activityin Prokaryotes SAmKAR L. ADHYA251

Principles of Regulation252

Transcriptional Regulation253

Post-Transcriptional Control272

Feedback Inhibition and Allosteric Control274

A Future Practical Application?276

CHAPTER 12 BacteriophageDAVID PARMA AND LARRY GOLD281

Stages in the Lytic Life Cycle of a Typical Phage283

Specic Phage286

Transducing Phage304

A Future Practical Application?307

CHAPTER 13 Regulation of GeneActivity in EukaryotesHaNs-PETER MuLLER AND WALTER schAFFNER311

Impoant Differences in the Genetic Organization of Prokaotesand Eukaotes312

The Regulation of Transcription Initiation313

The Regulation of RNA Processing324

Regulation of Nucleocytoplasmic mRNA Transport330

Regulation of mRNA Stability331

Regulation of Translation334

Regulation of Protein Activity335

Gene Rearrangement: Joining of Coding Sequences in the ImmuneSystem340

A Future Practical Application?344

PART IVEXphjinmental Matioudaitian .of 1Mlacoomalales349

CHAkER 14Plasmidsand TransposonsBARRY POLsKY351

Plasmid-Borne Genes353

Plasmid Transfer354

Plasmid DNA Repcation361

Transposable Elements364

Transposable Elements in Eukaotes374

A Future Practical Application?375

CHAPTER 15 Recombinant DNA and GeneticEngineering Molecular Taailoringof Genes 1DooTnY m SkNmE.ANo Chrsn A. HouANo381

Plasmids Act as Nature’s Interlopers382

Restriction Enzymes Function as Nature’s Pinking Shears382

Genetic Interlopers: Vectors Function as Vehicles for TransferngGenes392

Detection of Recombinant DNA Molecules399

Appcations of Genetic Engineering403

CHAPRKR16 MOLECUlar Bloloyblologyis wxpanding its Reachpaacea L hnnatty409

Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology in Research410

Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology in Medicine417

Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology in Agriculture427

Other Commercial and Industal Appcations430

Molecular Biology: On the Front Line of the Battle Against AIDS431

Social and Ethical Issues433

APPENDIX Chemical Prin ifpies lrnporta forderstan fi kcuiar Biotogy A X443

Structure of the Atom444

Chemical Bonds444

The Ionization of Water-The pH Scale450

Organic Chemist453

Concluding Note469

List of Essential Concepts471

Glossary475

Referens for Further Reading491

Answers to Questions and Problems497

Index515