Energy systems engineering evaluation and implementation Second EditionPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1-1 Overview1

1-2 Introduction1

1-2-1 Historic Growth in Energy Supply2

1-3 Relationship between Energy，Population，and Wealth4

1-3-1 Correlation between Energy Use and Wealth6

1-3-2 Human Development Index：An Alternative Means of Evaluating Prosperity6

1-4 Pressures Facing World due to Energy Consumption8

1-4-1 Industrial versus Emerging Countries9

1-4-2 Pressure on CO2 Emissions14

1-4-3 Observations about Energy Use and CO2 Emissions Trends15

1-4-4 Discussion：Contrasting Mainstream and Deep Ecologic Perspectives on Energy Requirements16

1-5 Energy Issues and the Contents of This Book18

1-5-1 Motivations，Techniques，and Applications18

1-5-2 Initial Comparison of Three Underlying Primary Energy Sources19

1-6 Units of Measure Used in Energy Systems22

1-6-1 Metric （SI） Units22

1-6-2 U.S.Standard Customary Units24

1-6-3 Units Related to Oil Production and Consumption25

1-7 Summary25

References25

Bibliography26

Exercises26

2 Systems Tools for Energy Systems29

2-1 Overview29

2-2 Introduction29

2-2-1 Conserving Existing Energy Resources versus Shifting to Alternative Resources30

2-2-2 The Concept of Sustainable Development31

2-3 Fundamentals of the Systems Approach33

2-3-1 Initial Definitions33

2-3-2 Steps in the Application of the Systems Approach 35

2-3-3 Stories，Scenarios，and Models40

2-3-4 Systems Approach Applied to the Scope of this Book：Energy/Climate Challenges Compared to Other Challenges43

2-4 Other Systems Tools Applied to Energy46

2-4-1 Systems Dynamics Models：Exponential Growth，Saturation，and Causal Loops46

2-5 Other Tools for Energy Systems54

2-5-1 Kaya Equation：Factors That Contribute to Overall CO2 Emissions54

2-5-2 Life-Cycle Analysis and Energy Return on Investment56

2-5-3 Multi-Criteria Analysis of Energy Systems Decisions58

2-5-4 Choosing among Alternative Solutions Using Optimization60

2-5-5 Understanding Contributing Factors to Time-Series Energy Trends Using Divisia Analysis63

2-5-6 Incorporating Uncertainty into Analysis Using Probabilistic Approaches and Monte Carlo Simulation67

2-6 Summary71

References71

Bibliography72

Exercises72

3 Economic Tools for Energy Systems75

3-1 Overview75

3-2 Introduction75

3-2-1 The Time Value of Money76

3-3 Economic Analysis of Energy Projects and Systems78

3-3-1 Definition of Terms78

3-3-2 Evaluation without Discounting78

3-3-3 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis79

3-3-4 Levelized Cost of Energy88

3-4 Direct versus External Costs and Benefits88

3-5 Intervention in Energy Investments to Achieve Social Aims89

3-5-1 Methods of Intervention in Energy Technology Investments90

3-5-2 Critiques of Intervention in Energy Investments92

3-6 Net Present Value （NPV） Case Study Example93

3-7 Summary97

References97

Bibliography98

Exercises98

4 Climate Change and Climate Modeling101

4-1 Overview101

4-2 Introduction101

4-2-1 Relationship between the Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gas Emissions102

4-2-2 Carbon Cycle and Solar Radiation102

4-2-3 Quantitative Imbalance in CO2 Flows into and out of the Atmosphere103

4-2-4 Consensus on the Human Link to Climate Change：Taking the Next Steps106

4-2-5 Early Indications of Change and Remaining Areas of Uncertainty107

4-3 Modeling Climate and Climate Change110

4-3-1 Relationship between Wavelength，Energy Flux，and Absorption111

4-3-2 A Model of the Earth-Atmosphere System116

4-3-3 General Circulation Models （GCMs） of Global Climate119

4-4 Climate in the Future122

4-4-1 Positive and Negative Feedback from Climate Change122

4-4-2 Scenarios for Future Rates of CO2 Emissions，CO2 Stabilization Values，and Average Global Temperature124

4-4-3 Recent Efforts to Counteract Climate Change：The Kyoto Protocol （1997-2012）127

4-4-4 Assessing the Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol and Description of Post-Kyoto Efforts128

4-5 Summary130

References130

Bibliography130

Exercises131

5 Fossil Fuel Resources133

5-1 Overview133

5-2 Introduction133

5-2-1 Characteristics of Fossil Fuels134

5-2-2 Current Rates of Consumption and Total Resource Availability137

5-2-3 CO2 Emissions Comparison and a “Decarbonization”Strategy140

5-3 Decline of Conventional Fossil Fuels and a Possible Transition to Nonconventional Alternatives141

5-3-1 Hubbert Curve Applied to Resource Lifetime141

5-3-2 Potential Role for Nonconventional Fossil Resources as Substitutes for Oil and Gas 148

5-3-3 Discussion：Potential Ecological and Social Impacts of Evolving Fossil Fuel Extraction149

5-3-4 Conclusion：The Past and Future of Fossil Fuels152

5-4 Summary154

Bibliography155

Exercises155

6 Stationary Combustion Systems157

6-1 Overview157

6-2 Introduction157

6-2-1 A Systems Approach to Combustion Technology159

6-3 Fundamentals of Combustion Cycle Calculation160

6-3-1 Brief Review of Thermodynamics160

6-3-2 Rankine Vapor Cycle161

6-3-3 Brayton Gas Cycle166

6-4 Advanced Combustion Cycles for Maximum Efficiency169

6-4-1 Supercritical Cycle170

6-4-2 Combined Cycle171

6-4-3 Cogeneration and Combined Heat and Power176

6-5 Economic Analysis of Stationary Combustion Systems181

6-5-1 Calculation of Levelized Cost of Electricity Production182

6-5-2 Case Study of Small-Scale Cogeneration Systems184

6-5-3 Case Study of Combined Cycle Cogeneration Systems188

6-5-4 Integrating Different Electricity Generation Sources into the Grid191

6-6 Incorporating Environmental Considerations into Combustion Project Cost Analysis196

6-7 Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Future198

6-8 Systems Issues in Combustion in the Future200

6-9 Summary201

References201

Bibliography202

Exercises202

7 Carbon Sequestration205

7-1 Overview205

7-2 Introduction205

7-3 Indirect Sequestration206

7-3-1 The Photosynthesis Reaction：The Core Process of Indirect Sequestration208

7-3-2 Indirect Sequestration in Practice209

7-3-3 Future Prospects for Indirect Sequestration211

7-4 Geological Storage of CO2212

7-4-1 Removing CO2 from Waste Stream212

7-4-2 Options for Direct Sequestration in Geologically Stable Reservoirs213

7-4-3 Prospects for Geological Sequestration220

7-5 Sequestration through Conversion of CO2 into Inert Materials221

7-6 Direct Removal of CO2 from Atmosphere for Sequestration223

7-7 Overall Comparison of Sequestration Options225

7-8 Summary226

Reference227

Bibliography227

Exercises228

8 Nuclear Energy Systems231

8-1 Overview231

8-2 Introduction231

8-2-1 Brief History of Nuclear Energy232

8-2-2 Current Status of Nuclear Energy234

8-3 Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Resources236

8-3-1 Reactions Associated with Nuclear Energy239

8-3-2 Availability of Resources for Nuclear Energy242

8-4 Reactor Designs：Mature Technologies and Emerging Alternatives243

8-4-1 Established Reactor Designs243

8-4-2 Alternative Fission Reactor Designs248

8-5 Nuclear Fusion251

8-6 Nuclear Energy and Society：Environmental，Political，and Security Issues254

8-6-1 Contribution of Nuclear Energy to Reducing CO2 Emissions254

8-6-2 Management of Radioactive Substances during Life-Cycle of Nuclear Energy255

8-6-3 Nuclear Energy and the Prevention of Proliferation261

8-6-4 The Effect of Public Perception on Nuclear Energy262

8-6-5 Future Prospects for Nuclear Energy265

8-7 Summary265

References266

Bibliography266

Exercises267

9 The Solar Resource269

9-1 Overview269

9-1-1 Symbols Used in This Chapter269

9-2 Introduction269

9-2-1 Availability of Energy from the Sun and Geographic Availability269

9-2-2 Direct，Diffuse，and Global Insolation273

9-3 Definition of Solar Geometric Terms and Calculation of Sun’s Position by Time of Day279

9-3-1 Relationship between Solar Position and Angle of Incidence on Solar Surface283

9-3-2 Method for Approximating Daily Energy Reaching a Solar Device285

9-4 Effect of Diffusion on Solar Performance287

9-4-1 Effect of Surface Tilt on Insolation Diffusion289

9-5 Summary291

References291

Bibliography291

Exercises292

10 Solar Photovoltaic Technologies293

10-1 Overview293

10-1-1 Symbols Used in This Chapter293

10-2 Introduction293

10-2-1 Alternative Approaches to Manufacturing PV Panels298

10-3 Fundamentals of PV Cell Performance300

10-3-1 Losses in PV Cells and Gross Current Generated by Incoming Light301

10-3-2 Net Current Generated as a Function of Device Parameters304

10-3-3 Other Factors Affecting Performance307

10-3-4 Calculation of Unit Cost of PV Panels307

10-4 Design and Operation of Practical PV Systems308

10-4-1 Available System Components for Different Types of Designs308

10-4-2 Estimating Output from PV System：Basic Approach315

10-4-3 Estimating Output from PV System：Extended Approach317

10-4-4 Economics of PV Systems325

10-5 Life-Cycle Energy and Environmental Considerations331

10-6 Summary333

References333

Bibliography333

Exercises334

11 Active Solar Thermal Applications337

11-1 Overview337

11-2 Symbols Used in This Chapter337

11-3 General Comments337

11-4 Flat-Plate Solar Collectors339

11-4-1 General Characteristics，Flat-Plate Solar Collectors339

11-4-2 Solar Collectors with Liquid as the Transport Fluid340

11-4-3 Solar Collectors with Air as the Transport Fluid341

11-4-4 Unglazed Solar Collectors341

11-4-5 Other Heat Transfer Fluids for Flat-Plate Solar Collectors341

11-4-6 Selective Surfaces342

11-4-7 Reverse-Return Piping342

11-4-8 Hybrid PV/Thermal Systems343

11-4-9 Evacuated-Tube Solar Collectors343

11-4-10 Performance Case Study of an Evacuated Tube System344

11-5 Concentrating Collectors347

11-5-1 General Characteristics，Concentrating Solar Collectors347

11-5-2 Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Collectors347

11-5-3 Parabolic Dish Concentrating Solar Collectors348

11-5-4 Power Tower Concentrating Solar Collectors349

11-5-5 Solar Cookers350

11-6 Heat Transfer in Flat-Plate Solar Collectors352

11-6-1 Solar Collector Energy Balance352

11-6-2 Testing and Rating Procedures for Flat-Plate，Glazed Solar Collectors354

11-6-3 Heat Exchangers and Thermal Storages355

11-6-4 f-Chart for System Analysis356

11-6-5 f-Chart for System Design361

11-6-6 Optimizing the Combination of Solar Collector Array and Heat Exchanger366

11-6-7 Pebble Bed Thermal Storage for Air Collectors366

11-7 Summary369

References369

Bibliography369

Exercises369

12 Passive Solar Thermal Applications371

12-1 Overview371

12-2 Symbols Used in This Chapter371

12-3 General Comments371

12-4 Thermal Comfort Considerations373

12-5 Building Enclosure Considerations374

12-6 Heating Degree Days and Seasonal Heat Requirements374

12-6-1 Adjusting HDD Values to a Different Base Temperature375

12-7 Types of Passive Solar Heating Systems377

12-7-1 Direct Gain378

12-7-2 Indirect Gain，Trombe Wall378

12-7-3 Isolated Gain380

12-8 Solar Transmission through Windows381

12-9 Load：Collector Ratio Method for Analysis382

12-10 Conservation Factor Addendum to the LCR Method387

12-11 Load：Collector Ratio Method for Design389

12-12 Passive Ventilation by Thermal Buoyancy392

12-13 Designing Window Overhangs for Passive Solar Systems394

12-14 Summary396

References396

Exercises397

13 Wind Energy Systems399

13-1 Overview399

13-2 Introduction399

13-2-1 Components of a Turbine403

13-2-2 Comparison of Onshore and Offshore Wind405

13-2-3 Alternative Turbine Designs：Horizontal versus Vertical Axis406

13-3 Using Wind Data to Evaluate a Potential Location407

13-3-1 Using Statistical Distributions to Approximate Available Energy409

13-3-2 Effects of Height，Season，Time of Day，and Direction on Wind Speed413

13-4 Estimating Output from a Specific Turbine for a Proposed Site417

13-4-1 Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor420

13-5 Turbine Design420

13-5-1 Theoretical Limits on Turbine Performance421

13-5-2 Tip Speed Ratio，Induced Radial Wind Speed，and Optimal Turbine Rotation Speed425

13-5-3 Analysis of Turbine Blade Design429

13-5-4 Steps in Turbine Design Process435

13-6 Economic and Social Dimensions of Wind Energy Feasibility437

13-6-1 Comparison of Large- and Small-Scale Wind438

13-6-2 Public Perception of Wind Energy and Social Feasibility441

13-7 Summary442

References443

Bibliography443

Exercises444

14 Bioenergy Resources and Systems449

14-1 Overview449

14-2 Introduction449

14-2-1 Policies450

14-2-2 Net Energy Balance Ratio and Life-Cycle Analysis 451

14-2-3 Productivity of Fuels per Unit of Cropland per Year453

14-3 Biomass454

14-3-1 Sources of Biomass455

14-3-2 Pretreatment Technologies457

14-4 Platforms458

14-4-1 Sugar Platform458

14-4-2 Syngas Platform458

14-4-3 Bio-oil Platform459

14-4-4 Carboxylate Platform460

14-5 Alcohol460

14-5-1 Sugarcane to Ethanol462

14-5-2 Corn Grain to Ethanol463

14-5-3 Cellulosic Ethanol466

14-5-4 n-Butanol466

14-6 Biodiesel467

14-6-1 Production Processes468

14-6-2 Life-Cycle Assessment469

14-7 Methane and Hydrogen （Biogas）469

14-7-1 Anaerobic Digestion470

14-7-2 Anaerobic Hydrogen-Producing Systems473

14-8 Summary474

References474

Exercises475

15 Transportation Energy Technologies477

15-1 Overview477

15-2 Introduction477

15-2-1 Definition of Terms480

15-2-2 Endpoint Technologies for a Petroleum- and Carbon-Free Transportation System480

15-2-3 Competition between Emerging and Incumbent Technologies484

15-3 Vehicle Design Considerations and Alternative Propulsion Designs486

15-3-1 Criteria for Measuring Vehicle Performance486

15-3-2 Options for Improving Conventional Vehicle Efficiency491

15-4 Alternatives to ICEVs：Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Platforms492

15-4-1 Battery-Electric Vehicles492

15-4-2 Hybrid Vehicles497

15-4-3 Biofuels：Adapting Bio-energy for Transportation Applications506

15-4-4 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems and Vehicles508

15-5 Well-to-Wheel Analysis as a Means of Comparing Alternatives517

15-6 Summary519

References519

Bibliography519

Exercises521

16 Systems Perspective on Transportation Energy523

16-1 Overview523

16-2 Introduction523

16-2-1 Ways of Categorizing Transportation Systems525

16-2-2 Influence of Transportation Type on Energy Requirements527

16-2-3 Units for Measuring Transportation Energy Efficiency528

16-3 Recent Trends and Current Assessment of Energy Use in Transportation Systems530

16-3-1 Passenger Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status533

16-3-2 Freight Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status537

16-4 Applying a Systems Approach to Transportation Energy542

16-4-1 Modal Shifting to More Efficient Modes542

16-4-2 Rationalizing Transportation Systems to Improve Energy Efficiency552

16-4-3 Integrating Light-Duty Vehicles and Electricity Supply to Optimize Vehicle Charging and Grid Performance555

16-5 Understanding Transition Pathways for New Technology559

16-6 Toward a Policy for Future Transportation Energy from a Systems Perspective564

16-6-1 Metropolitan Region Energy Efficiency Plan564

16-6-2 Allocating Emerging Energy Sources and Technologies to Transportation Sectors566

16-7 Summary568

References568

Bibliography569

Exercises570

17 Conclusion：Creating the Twenty-First Century Energy System573

17-1 Overview573

17-2 Introduction：A Parable about Development573

17-2-1 Summary of Issues Facing Energy Systems575

17-2-2 Comparison of Three Energy System Endpoints：Toward a Portfolio Approach576

17-2-3 Other Emerging Technologies Not Previously Considered578

17-3 Pathways to a Sustainable Energy Future：A Case Study584

17-3-1 Baseline Scenario Results586

17-3-2 Other Possible Scenarios587

17-3-3 Discussion588

17-4 The Role of the Energy Professional in Creating the Energy Systems of the Future594

17-4-1 Roles for Energy Professionals Outside of Formal Work595

17-5 Summary597

References597

Bibliography597

Exercise598

A Perpetual Julian Date Calendar599

B LCR Table601

C CF Table607

D Numerical Answers to Select Problems613

E Common Conversions615

F Information about Thermodynamic Constants617

Index619