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1 Introduction to Computers and C＋＋ Programming1

1.1 Introduction2

1.2 What is a Computer？4

1.3 Computer Organization5

1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems6

1.5 Personal Computing，Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing7

1.6 Machine Languages，Assembly Languages，and High-level Languages7

1.7 History of C and C＋＋8

1.8 C＋＋ Standard Library10

1.9 Java11

1.10 Visual Basic，Visual C＋＋ and C11

1.11 Other High-level Languages13

1.12 Structured Programming13

1.13 The Key Software Trend：Object Technology14

1.14 Basics of a Typical C＋＋ Environment15

1.15 Hardware Trends17

1.16 History of the Internet18

1.17 History of the World Wide Web19

1.18 World Wide Web Consortium （W3C）20

1.19 General Notes About C＋＋ and This Book20

1.20 Introduction to C＋＋ Programming21

1.21 A Simple Program：Printing a Line of Text21

1.22 Another Simple Program：Adding Two Integers26

1.23 Memory Concepts30

1.24 Arithmetic31

1.25 Decision Making：Equality and Relational Operators34

1.26 Thinking About Objects：Introduction to Object Technology and the Unified Modeling Language40

1.27 Tour of the Book44

2 Control Structures70

2.1 Introduction71

2.2 Algorithms72

2.3 Pseudocode72

2.4 Control Structures73

2.5 if Selection Structure76

2.6 if/else Selection Structure77

2.7 while Repetition Structure81

2.8 Formulating Algorithms：Case Study 1 （Counter-Controlled Repetition）83

2.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down，Stepwise Refinement：Case Study 2 （Sentinel-Controlled Repetition）86

2.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down，Stepwise Refinement：Case Study 3 （Nested Control Structures）94

2.11 Assignment Operators98

2.12 Increment and Decrement Operators99

2.13 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition102

2.14 for Repetition Structure104

2.15 Examples Using the for Structure109

2.16 switch Multiple-Selection Structure113

2.17 do/while Repetition Structure120

2.18 break and continue Statements122

2.19 Logical Operators124

2.20 Confusing Equality （==） and Assignment （=） Operators127

2.21 Structured-Programming Summary128

2.22 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Identifying a System’s Classes from a Problem Statement133

3 Functions169

3.1 Introduction170

3.2 Program Components in C＋＋170

3.3 Math Library Functions171

3.4 Functions173

3.5 Function Definitions174

3.6 Function Prototypes178

3.7 Header Files180

3.8 Random Number Generation182

3.9 Example：Game of Chance and Introducing enum188

3.10 Storage Classes192

3.11 Scope Rules195

3.12 Recursion198

3.13 Example Using Recursion：Fibonacci Series202

3.14 Recursion vs.Iteration206

3.15 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists208

3.16 Inline Functions209

3.17 References and Reference Parameters211

3.18 Default Arguments215

3.19 Unary Scope Resolution Operator217

3.20 Function Overloading219

3.21 Function Templates222

3.22 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Identifying a Class’s Attributes225

4 Arrays252

4.1 Introduction253

4.2 Arrays253

4.3 Declaring Arrays255

4.4 Examples Using Arrays256

4.5 Passing Arrays to Functions272

4.6 Sorting Arrays276

4.7 Case Study：Computing Mean，Median and Mode Using Arrays278

4.8 Searching Arrays：Linear Search and Binary Search283

4.9 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays289

4.10 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Identifying the Operations of a Class296

5 Pointers and Strings319

5.1 Introduction320

5.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization320

5.3 Pointer Operators322

5.4 Calling Functions by Reference325

5.5 Using const with Pointers329

5.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-by-Reference336

5.7 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic341

5.8 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays344

5.9 Arrays of Pointers349

5.10 Case Study：Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation350

5.11 Function Pointers355

5.12 Introduction to Character and String Processing360

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings360

5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library362

5.13 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Collaborations Among Objects370

6 Classes and Data Abstraction404

6.1 Introduction405

6.2 Structure Definitions406

6.3 Accessing Structure Members407

6.4 Implementing User-Defined Type Time with a C-like struct408

6.5 Implementing Abstract Data Type Time with a class411

6.6 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members418

6.7 Separating Interface from Implementation420

6.8 Controlling Access to Members424

6.9 Access Functions and Utility Functions426

6.10 Initializing Class Objects：Constructors430

6.11 Using Default Arguments with Constructors430

6.12 Destructors435

6.13 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called435

6.14 Using Set and Get Functions439

6.15 Subtle Trap：Returning a Reference to a private Data Member445

6.16 Default Memberwise Assignment448

6.17 Software Reusability450

6.18 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Starting to Program the Classes for the Elevator Simulator451

7 Classes：Part Ⅱ468

7.1 Introduction469

7.2 const （Constant） Objects and const Member Functions469

7.3 Composition：Objects as Members of Classes478

7.4 friend Functions and friend Classes485

7.5 Using the this Pointer489

7.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete495

7.7 static Class Members497

7.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding502

7.8.1 Example：Array Abstract Data Type504

7.8.2 Example：String Abstract Data Type504

7.8.3 Example：Queue Abstract Data Type505

7.9 Container Classes and Iterators505

7.10 Proxy Classes506

7.11 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Programming the Classes for the Elevator Simulator509

8 Operator Overloading； String and Array Objects546

8.1 Introduction547

8.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading548

8.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading549

8.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs.as friend Functions550

8.5 Overloading Stream-Insertion and Stream-Extraction Operators552

8.6 Overloading Unary Operators555

8.7 Overloading Binary Operators555

8.8 Case Study：Array Class556

8.9 Converting between Types568

8.10 Case Study：string Class569

8.11 Overloading ＋＋ and --581

8.12 Case Study：A Date Class582

8.13 Standard Library Classes string and vector588

9 Object-Oriented Programming：Inheritance609

9.1 Introduction610

9.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes611

9.3 protected Members614

9.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes614

9.5 Case Study：Three-Level Inheritance Hierarchy637

9.6 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes642

9.7 “Uses A” and “Knows A” Relationships648

9.8 public，protected and private Inheritance648

9.9 Software Engineering with Inheritance649

9.10 [Optional Case Study] Thinking About Objects：Incorporating Inheritance into the Elevator Simulation650

10 Object-Oriented Programming：Polymorphism662

10.1 Introduction663

10.2 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy664

10.2.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects665

10.2.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects670

10.2.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers672

10.2.4 Virtual Functions673

10.3 Polymorphism Examples679

10.4 Type Fields and switch Structures680

10.5 Abstract Classes680

10.6 Case Study：Inheriting Interface and Implementation682

10.7 Polymorphism，Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”695

10.8 Virtual Destructors699

10.9 Case Study：Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Run-Time Type Information with dynamic_cast and typeid699

11 Templates718

11.1 Introduction719

11.2 Function Templates720

11.3 Overloading Function Templates723

11.4 Class Templates723

11.5 Class Templates and Nontype Parameters730

11.6 Templates and Inheritance731

11.7 Templates and Friends731

11.8 Templates and static Members732

12 C＋＋ Stream Input/Output737

12.1 Introduction739

12.2 Streams739

12.2.1 Classic Streams vs.Standard Streams740

12.2.2 iostream Library Header Files740

12.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects741

12.3 Stream Output743

12.3.1 Output of char * Variables743

12.3.2 Character Output using Member Function put744

12.4 Stream Input744

12.4.1 get and get line Member Functions745

12.4.2 istream Member Functions peek，putback and ignore748

12.4.3 Type-Safe I/O748

12.5 Unformatted I/O using read，write and gcount748

12.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators749

12.6.1 Integral Stream Base：dec，oct，hex and setbase750

12.6.2 Floating-Point Precision （precision，setprecision）751

12.6.3 Field Width （width，setw）752

12.6.4 Programmer-Defined Manipulators754

12.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators755

12.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points （showpoint）756

12.7.2 Justification （left，right and internal）757

12.7.3 Padding （fill，setfill）759

12.7.4 Integral Stream Base （dec，oct，hex，showbase）760

12.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers； Scientific and Fixed Notation （scientific，fixed）761

12.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control （uppercase）762

12.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format （boolalpha）763

12.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member-Function flags764

12.8 Stream Error States766

12.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream768

13 Exception Handling779

13.1 Introduction780

13.2 Exception-Handling Overview781

13.3 Other Error-Handling Techniques783

13.4 Simple Exception-Handling Example：Divide by Zero784

13.5 Rethrowing an Exception788

13.6 Exception Specifications789

13.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions790

13.8 Stack Unwinding790

13.9 Constructors，Destructors and Exception Handling792

13.10 Exceptions and Inheritance793

13.11 Processing new Failures793

13.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation797

13.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy800

14 File Processing808

14.1 Introduction809

14.2 The Data Hierarchy809

14.3 Files and Streams811

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File812

14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File816

14.6 Updating Sequential-Access Files823

14.7 Random-Access Files824

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File824

14.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File829

14.10 Reading Data Sequentially from a Random-Access File831

14.11 Example：A Transaction-Processing Program834

14.12 Input/Output of Objects841

15 Class string and String Stream Processing850

15.1 Introduction851

15.2 string Assignment and Concatenation852

15.3 Comparing strings855

15.4 Substrings857

15.5 Swapping strings858

15.6 string Characteristics859

15.7 Finding Strings and Characters in a string862

15.8 Replacing Characters in a string864

15.9 Inserting Characters into a string866

15.10 Conversion to C-Style char * Strings867

15.11 Iterators869

15.12 String Stream Processing870

16 Web Programming with CGI880

16.1 Introduction881

16.2 HTTP Request Types882

16.3 Multi-Tier Architecture882

16.4 Accessing Web Servers883

16.5 Apache HTTP Server884

16.6 Requesting XHTML Documents885

16.7 Introduction to CGI885

16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction886

16.9 Simple CGI Script888

16.10 Sending Input to a CGI Script895

16.11 Using XHTML Forms to Send Input897

16.12 Other Headers905

16.13 Case Study：An Interactive Web Page905

16.14 Cookies909

16.15 Server-Side Files915

16.16 Case Study：Shopping Cart921

16.17 Internet and Web Resources936

17 Data Structures942

17.1 Introduction943

17.2 Self-Referential Classes944

17.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures945

17.4 Linked Lists945

17.5 Stacks960

17.6 Queues965

17.7 Trees969

18 Bits，Characters，Strings and Structures1000

18.1 Introduction1001

18.2 Structure Definitions1001

18.3 Initializing Structures1003

18.4 Using Structures with Functions1004

18.5 typedef1004

18.6 Example：High-Performance Card-Shuffling and Dealing Simulation1005

18.7 Bitwise Operators1007

18.8 Bit Fields1017

18.9 Character-Handling Library1020

18.10 String-Conversion Functions1026

18.11 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library1031

18.12 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library1036

19 Preprocessor1053

19.1 Introduction1054

19.2 The #include Preprocessor Directive1054

19.3 The #define Preprocessor Directive：Symbolic Constants1055

19.4 The #define Preprocessor Directive：Macros1056

19.5 Conditional Compilation1057

19.6 The #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives1058

19.7 The # and ## Operators1059

19.8 Line Numbers1059

19.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants1060

19.10 Assertions1060

20 C Legacy Code Topics1065

20.1 Introduction1066

20.2 Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX and DOS Systems1066

20.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists1067

20.4 Using Command-Line Arguments1070

20.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs1071

20.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit1073

20.7 The volatile Type Qualifier1075

20.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants1075

20.9 Signal Handling1075

20.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc1078

20.11 The Unconditional Branch：goto1079

20.12 Unions1080

20.13 Linkage Specifications1084

21 Standard Template Library （STL）1090

21.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library （STL）1092

21.1.1 Introduction to Containers1094

21.1.2 Introduction to Iterators1098

21.1.3 Introduction to Algorithms1103

21.2 Sequence Containers1105

21.2.1 vector Sequence Container1105

21.2.2 l is t Sequence Container1113

21.2.3 deque Sequence Container1117

21.3 Associative Containers1119

21.3.1 multiset Associative Container1119

21.3.2 set Associative Container1122

21.3.3 mu l t imap Associative Container1124

21.3.4 map Associative Container1126

21.4 Container Adapters1128

21.4.1 stack Adapter1128

21.4.2 queue Adapter1130

21.4.3 priority_queue Adapter1132

21.5 Algorithms1133

21.5.1 fill，fill_n，generate and generate_n1134

21.5.2 equal，mismatch and lexicographical_compare1136

21.5.3 remove，remove_if，remove_copy and remove_copy_if1138

21.5.4 replace，replace_if，replace_copy and replace_copy_if1141

21.5.5 Mathematical Algorithms1144

21.5.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms1148

21.5.7 swap，iter_swap and swap_ranges1150

21.5.8 copy_backward，merge，unique and reverse1152

21.5.9 inplace_merge，unique_copy and reverse_copy1154

21.5.10 Set Operations1156

21.5.11 lower_bound，upper_bound and equal_range1160

21.5.12 Heapsort1162

21.5.13 min and max1165

21.5.14 Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter1166

21.6 Class bitset1168

21.7 Function Objects1172

21.8 STL Internet and Web Resources1175

22 Other Topics1183

22.1 Introduction1184

22.2 const_cast Operator1184

22.3 reinterpret_cast Operator1185

22.4 namespaces1186

22.5 Operator Keywords1190

22.6 explicit Constructors1192

22.7 mutable Class Members1197

22.8 Pointers to Class Members （.* and -＞*）1199

22.9 Multiple Inheritance1201

22.10 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes1205

22.11 Closing Remarks1210

A Operator Precedence Chart1214

B ASCII Character Set1216

C Number Systems1217

C.1 Introduction1218

C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers1221

C.3 Converting Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers1222

C.4 Converting from Binary，Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal1222

C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary，Octal or Hexadecimal1223

C.6 Negative Binary Numbers：Two’s Complement Notation1225

D C＋＋ Internet and Web Resources1230

D.1 Resources1230

D.2 Tutorials1232

D.3 FAQs1233

D.4 Visual C＋＋1233

D.5 Newsgroups1233

D.6 Compilers and Development Tools1234

D.7 Standard Template Library1234

E Introduction to XHTML1236

E.1 Introduction1237

E.2 Editing XHTML1237

E.3 First XHTML Example1238

E.4 Headers1240

E.5 Linking1242

E.6 Images1245

E.7 Special Characters and More Line Breaks1249

E.8 Unordered Lists1251

E.9 Nested and Ordered Lists1251

E.10 Basic XHTML Tables1252

E.11 Intermediate XHTML Tables and Formatting1257

E.12 Basic XHTML Forms1259

E.13 More Complex XHTML Forms1262

E.14 Internet and World Wide Web Resources1269

F XHTML Special Characters1274

Bibliography1275

Index1281