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Chapter1 Thinking and Caring About World Politics1

The Importance of Studying World Politics2

World Politics and Your Finances4

International Trade and Your Finances4

The Flow of International Capital and Your Finances5

Defense Spending and Your Finances5

World Politics and Your Living Space7

World Politics and Your Life8

Can We Make a Difference?9

The World Tomorrow: Two Roads Diverge11

Realism and Liberalism: Some Travel Notes on Two Roads12

The Nature of Politics: Realism and Liberalism13

Realism and the Nature of Politics13

Liberalism and the Nature of Politics14

The Roles of Power and Justice: Realism and Liberalism14

Realism: An Emphasis on Power14

Liberalism: An Emphasis on Justice15

Prospects for Competition and Cooperation: Realism and Liberalism16

Realism and the Competitive Future16

Liberalism and the Cooperative Future17

Assessing Reality: Realism and Liberalism18

How to Study World Politics19

Political Scientists and World Politics19

Why Political Scientists Study World Politics19

How Political Scientists Conduct Research20

What to Study: Levels of Analysis21

Chapter Summary21

Chapter 2 The Evolution of World Politics24

The Evolving World System: Early Development25

The Evolving World System: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries27

The Evolving World System: The Twentieth Century28

The Twentieth Century: The Years to World War Ⅱ29

The Twentieth Century: The Cold War Begins and Ends30

The Rise and Decline of the Bipolar System31

The End of the Bipolar System32

The Twenty-First Century Begins: Changes and Choices33

Political Structure and Orientation: Changes and Choices33

The Emerging Polar Structure33

The Weakening Western Orientation of the International System34

Challenges to the Authority of the State35

Security: Changes and Choices36

International Economics: Changes and Choices37

Economic Interdependence38

Economic Disparity Between North and South39

The Quality of Life: Changes and Choices40

Human Rights40

The Environment41

Chapter Summary43

Chapter 3 Levels of Analysis45

System-Level Analysis45

Structural Characteristics46

The Organization of Authority46

The Actors47

Scope and Level of Interaction50

Power Relationships in the International System50

Number of System Poles50

Concentration of Power51

Power Changes: Causes and Effects53

Economic Patterns in the International System53

Norms of Behavior in the International System55

System-Level Analysis: Predicting Tomorrow56

State-Level Analysis57

Understanding State-Level Analysis57

Making Foreign Policy: Types of Government, Situations, and Policy58

Types of Government59

Types of Situations61

Types of Policy62

Making Foreign Policy: Political Culture62

Making Foreign Policy: Actors in the Process63

Political Executives63

Bureaucracies64

Legislatures66

Political Opposition67

Interest Groups67

The People68

Individual-Level Analysis70

The Human Element70

Cognitive Factors70

Psychological Factors71

Biological Factors72

Organizational Behavior74

Role Behavior74

Group Decision-Making Behavior75

Leaders and Their Idiosyncrasies76

Personality77

Physical and Mental Health77

Ego and Ambition78

Political History and Personal Experiences78

Perceptions80

Chapter Summary81

Chapter 4 Nationalism:The Traditional Orientation84

Understanding Nations, Nation-States, and Nationalism85

Nations85

Nation-States88

Nationalism88

The Evolution of Nationalism88

The Rise of Nationalism89

The Predicted Demise of Nationalism90

Persistent Nationalism91

Nationalism: Builder and Destroyer91

The Beneficent Face of Nationalism92

The Troubled Face of Nationalism93

How We Relate to Others93

The Lack of Fit Between Nations and States96

Nationalism and the Future100

Self-Determination as a Goal100

Nationalism: Will the Curtain Fall?102

Chapter Summary104

Chapter 5 Transnationalism: The Alternative Orientation105

The Origins and Evolution of Transnationalism106

TransnationalInteraction107

Transnational Economics107

Transnational Communications107

Transnational Transportation109

TransnationalOrganizations110

The Transnational Women's Movement111

The Transnational Women's Movement: Perspectives and Goals112

The Transnational Women's Movement: Programs and Progress115

TransnationalReligion117

Religion and World Politics117

The Strength of Religious Fundamentalism119

Islam and the World120

The Political Heritage of Muslims121

Islam and Nationalism121

Islam and the Non-Islamic World122

Islamic Traditionalism and Secularism123

Transnational Culture124

The Spread of Common Culture124

The Resistance to a Common Culture127

Transnationalism Tomorrow128

Chapter Summary129

Chapter 6 National States: The Traditional Structure131

The Nature and Origins of the State131

The State Defined132

Sovereignty132

Territory133

Population133

Diplomatic Recognition134

Internal Organization135

Domestic Support135

The Origins of the State136

The State as the Core Political Organization137

Theories of Governance137

Authoritarian Theories of Governance137

Democratic Theories of Governance139

State Governance and World Politics139

The Drive for Universal Democracy: Issues140

National and Other Interests142

National Interest as a Standard of Conduct142

Alternatives to National Interest145

States andi the Future145

The State: The Indictment146

States Are Obsolete146

States Are Destructive148

The State: The Defense148

The State: The Verdict149

Chapter Summary150

Chapter 7 International Organization:The Alternative Structure152

The Origins, Growth, and Roles of International Organization153

The Origins of IGOs153

Belief in a Community of Humankind154

Big-Power Peacekeeping154

Pragmatic Cooperation154

The Growth of IGOs154

Theories of IGO Growth155

Reasons for Growth155

Roles That IGOs Play157

Interactive Arena157

Creator and Center of Cooperation158

Independent International Actor158

Supranational Organization159

Regional IGOs: Focus on the European Union159

The Origins and Evolution of the European Union160

Economic Integration160

Political Integration161

The Government of Europe: A Prototype161

Political Leadership161

Bureaucracy162

Legislative Branch162

Judicial Branch163

The Future of the EU163

Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations166

IGO Organization and Related Issues166

General Membership167

Representative Bodies167

Voting Formulas169

Political Leadership171

Bureaucracy173

IGO Financing and Related Issues174

IGO Activities and Related Issues175

Promoting International Peace and Security175

Evaluating IGOs and Their Future181

Chapter Summary183

Chapter 8 National Power and Diplowacy:The Traditional Approach185

National Power: The Foundation of Diplomacy187

Power as an Asset188

Measuring Power189

Characteristics of Power189

The Elements of Power192

The National Core192

National Geography192

People193

Government194

The National Infrastructure194

Technology195

Transportation Systems196

Information and Communications Systems196

The Nature of Diplomacy196

The Functions of Diplomacy198

The Diplomatic Setting199

The International System199

The Diplomatic Environment200

The Domestic Connection202

The Conduct of Diplomacy202

Modern Diplomacy203

Expansion of Geographic Scope203

Multilateral Diplomacy203

Parliamentary Diplomacy205

Democratized Diplomacy205

Open Diplomacy205

Leader-to-Leader Diplomacy206

Public Diplomacy207

The Rules of Effective Diplomacy208

Options for Conducting Diplomacy210

Director Indirect Negotiations210

High-Level or Low-Level Diplomacy210

Using Coercion or Rewards to Gain Agreement212

Being Precise or Being Intentionally Vague213

Communicating by Word or Deed213

Linking Issues or Treating Them Separately214

Maximizing or Minimizing a Dispute214

Chapter Summary215

Chapter 9 International Law and Morality:The Alternative Approach217

Fundamentals of International Law and Morality218

The Primitive Nature of International Law218

The Growth of International Law219

The Practice of International Law220

The Fundamentals of International Morality221

The International Legal System221

The Philosophical Roots of Law222

How International Law Is Made223

Adherence to the Law224

Adjudication of the Law226

Applying International Law and Morality229

Cultural Perspectives229

Applying International Law and Morality in a Multicultural World231

Applying International Law and Morality to States231

Should States Be Held to the Same Standards as Individuals232

States and Issues of Law and Morality232

Applying International Law and Morality to Individuals237

Post-World War II Tribunals237

The National Enforcement of International Law238

Current International Tribunals238

International Criminal Court239

Law and Morality: Issues of Prudent Judgment and Application241

The Future of International Law and Morality243

Chapter Summary243

Chapter 10 Pursuing Security245

Thinking About Security245

A Tale of Insecurity246

A Drama and Dialogue of Insecurity246

Critiquing the Drama247

Conflict and Insecurity: The Traditional Road247

War and World Politics247

War: The Human Record248

The Causes of War: Three Levels of Analysis249

Force as a Political Instrument249

Levels of Violence: From Intimidation to Attack249

The Effectiveness of Force250

The Changing Nature of War252

Classifying Wars253

Unconventional Warfare253

Arms Transfers253

Special Operations257

Terrorism257

Conventional Warfare264

Weapons of Mass Destruction Warfare265

Biological Weapons266

Chemical Weapons266

The Potential for Nuclear War267

Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Strategy269

Global and International SecurityThe Alternative Road270

Limited Self-Defense Through Arms Control272

Methods of Achieving Arms Control272

The Barriers to Arms Control274

International Security Forces278

International Security Forces: Theory and Practice278

International Security and the Future283

Abolition of War284

Complete Disarmament284

Pacifism285

Chapter Summary287

Chapter 11 globalization in the World Econowy289

Theories of International Political Economy290

Economic Nationalism290

Economic Internationalism292

Economic Structuralism293

Marxist Theory293

Dependency and World Systems Theory294

Two Economic Worlds: North and South295

Two Economic Worlds: Analyzing the Data295

Two Economic Worlds: Human Conditions297

The Growth and Extent of International Political Economy298

Trade299

A General Pattern of Expanding Trade299

Uneven Patterns of Trade: North and South301

International Investment303

Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investment303

International Investment and Multinational Corporations303

Monetary Relations304

The Globalization of the Monetary System304

Exchange Rates305

Balance of Payments306

Globalization and Interdependence: Debating the Future307

The Case for Free Economic Interchange309

The Case Against Free Economic Interchange313

The Debate in Perspective317

Chapter Summary318

Chapter 12 global Econowic Cowpeition and Cooperation320

Global Economic Competition: The Traditional Road321

National Economic Power: Assets and Utilization321

Methods of Manipulating Economic Interchange321

Applying Economic Power323

The North and International Political Economy325

The National Economies of the North325

National Economic Issues and Policies of the North327

The South and International Political Economy329

Development in the South: Status330

Development in the South: Capital Needs331

Development in the South: LDC Perspectives and Policies335

The Future of National Economic Policy341

Global Economic Cooperation: The Alternative Road341

Global Economic Cooperation: Background342

Global Economic Cooperation: The Institutions343

The United Nations and Economic Cooperation343

Trade Cooperation: The GATT and the WTO345

Monetary Cooperation: The IMF347

Development Cooperation: The World Bank Group353

Regional Economic Cooperation355

The Western Hemisphere357

Asia, the Pacific and Elsewhere362

The Future of Regionalism363

Chapter Summary365

Chapter 13 Preserving and Enhancing Huwan Rights and Dignity367

The Biosphere and Its Inhabitants:The Essence of Politics368

The Nature of Human Rights368

Human Rights: Quality of Life Issues and Progress370

Food371

Causes of the Food Problem372

The International Response to the Food Problem373

Health374

Education376

Human Rights Issues Regarding Abuses of Individuals and Groups377

Human Rights Abuses: Diverse Discrimination and Oppression377

Women379

Children380

Ethnic and Racial Groups381

Religious Groups382

Indigenous People382

Refugees and Immigrants383

The International Response to Individual and Group Human Rights Issues384

Chapter Summary390

Chapter 14 Preserving and Enhancing the global Cowwons392

Toward Sustainable Development392

The Ecological State of the World393

Sustainable Development394

The Conundrum of Sustainable Development395

Options for Sustainable Development396

Sustainable Development: Issues and Cooperation398

Population Issues and Cooperation399

Causes of the Population Problem400

The International Response to the Population Problem402

Resource Issues and Cooperation405

Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Minerals405

Forests and Land407

Wildlife409

Water410

Resource Conservation: The Global Response411

Land and Wildlife411

The Seas and Fisheries412

Environmental Issues414

Ground Pollution414

Water Pollution414

Air Pollution415

Global Warming416

Ozone Layer Depletion419

Environmental Protection: The International Response420

Chapter Summary422

Epilogue425

Endnotes427

Glossary433

Abbreviations445

References447

Index467