PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WITH MODERN PHYSICS THIRD EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 TOOLING UP1

1-1 A Little Background2

1-2 Fundamental Physical Quantities and Their Units4

1-3 Accuracy and Significant Figures9

1-4 Dimensional Analysis12

1-5 Estimates：How a Little Reasoning Goes a Long Way14

1-6 Scalars and Vectors15

Summary22

Understanding the Concepts，22

Problems23

2 STRAIGHT-LINE MOTION28

2-1 Displacement28

2-2 Speed and Velocity31

2-3 Acceleration36

2-4 Motion with Constant Acceleration40

2-5 Freely Falling Objects44

2-6 Integration and Motion in One Dimension48

Summary51

Understanding the Concepts，52

Problems53

3 MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS60

3-1 Position and Displacement60

3-2 Velocity and Acceleration62

3-3 Motion with Constant Acceleration66

3-4 Projectile Motion68

3-5 Uniform Circular Motion74

3-6 Relative Motion77

Summary80

Understanding the Concepts，81

Problems82

4 NEWTON’S LAWS87

4-1 Forces and Newton’s First Law88

4-2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion92

4-3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion97

4-4 Noninertial Frames99

4-5 Using Newton’s Laws：Identifying Forces and Free-Body Diagrams103

4-6 Using Newton’s Laws：Finding the Motion109

Summary110

Understanding the Concepts，111

Problems112

5 APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS119

5-1 Common Forces Revisited119

5-2 Friction127

5-3 Drag Forces133

5-4 Forces and Circular Motion136

5-5 Fundamental Forces141

Summary142

Understanding the Concepts143

Problems144

6 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY151

6-1 Kinetic Energy，Work，and the Work-Energy Theorem152

6-2 Constant Forces in More Than One Dimension159

6-3 Forces That Vary with Position162

6-4 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces169

6-5 Power172

6-6 Kinetic Energy at Very High Speeds174

Summary175

Understanding the Concepts，176

Problems177

7 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY183

7-1 Potential Energy and Conservative Forces184

7-2 Energy Conservation and Allowed Motion191

7-3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions195

7-4 Is Energy Conservation a General Principle？198

Summary201

Understanding the Concepts，201

Problems202

8 LINEAR MOMENTUM，COLLISIONS，AND THE CENTER OF MASS209

8-1 Momentum and Its Conservation210

8-2 Collisions and Impulse212

8-3 Perfectly Inelastic Collisions； Explosions216

8-4 Elastic Two-Body Collisions in One Dimension220

8-5 Elastic Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions223

8-6 Center of Mass225

8-7 Rocket Motion234

8-8 Momentum Transfer at High Energies237

Summary238

Understanding the Concepts，239

Problems240

9 ROTATIONS OF RIGID BODIES246

9-1 Simple Rotations of a Rigid Body247

9-2 Rotational Kinetic Energy251

9-3 Evaluation of Rotational Inertia253

9-4 Torque259

9-5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation265

9-6 Rolling267

Summary272

Understanding the Concepts，273

Problems274

10 MORE ON ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND TORQUE280

10-1 Generalization of Angular Momentum280

10-2 Generalization of Torque285

10-3 The Dynamics of Rotation288

10-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum293

10-5 Work and Energy in Angular Motion298

10-6 Collecting Parallels Between Rotational and Linear Motion300

10-7 Quantization of Angular Momentum301

10-8 Precession302

Summary305

Understanding the Concepts306

Problems307

11 STATICS313

11-1 Static Conditions for Rigid Bodies313

11-2 Gravity and Rigid Bodies316

11-3 Applications of Statics318

11-4 Solids and How They Respond to Forces323

Summary328

Understanding the Concepts329

Problems330

12 GRAVITATION338

12-1 Early Observations of Planetary Motion339

12-2 Newton’s Inverse-Square Law340

12-3 Planets and Satellites345

12-4 Gravitation and Extended Objects349

12-5 A Closer Look at Gravitation355

12-6 Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation357

Summary359

Understanding the Concepts360

Problems361

13 OSCILLATORY MOTION366

13-1The Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion367

13-2 A Connection to Circular Motion370

13-3 Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion371

13-4 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion374

13-5 The Simple Pendulum378

13-6 More About Pendulums381

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion383

13-8 Driven Harmonic Motion385

Summary388

Understanding the Concepts389

Problems390

14 WAVES397

14-1 Types of Waves398

14-2 The Wave Equation401

14-3 Periodic Waves403

14-4 Traveling Waves405

14-5 Energy and Power in Waves412

14-6 Standing Waves414

14-7 More About Sound418

14-8 The Doppler Effect423

14-9 Shock Waves426

Summary428

Understanding the Concepts429

Problems430

15 SUPERPOSITION AND INTERFERENCE OF WAVES435

15-1 The Superposition Principle436

15-2 Standing Waves Through Interference437

15-3 Beats439

15-4 Spatial Interference Phenomena443

15-5 Pulses446

15-6 Fourier Decomposition of Waves452

15-7 Pulses and the Uncertainty Principle454

Summary456

Understanding the Concepts457

Problems457

16PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS462

16-1 States of Matter462

16-2 Density and Pressure464

16-3 Pressure in a Fluid at Rest466

16-4 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle469

16-5 Fluids in Motion474

16-6 The Equation of Continuity475

16-7 Bernoulli’s Equation476

16-8 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation478

16-9 Real Fluids481

Summary483

Understanding the Concepts484

Problems485

17 TEMPERATURE AND IDEAL GASES491

17-1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium492

17-2 Ideal Gases and Absolute Temperature494

17-3 Thermal Expansion497

17-4 The Equation of State of Gases499

17-5 Blackbody Radiation503

Summary507

Understanding the Concepts507

Problems508

18 HEAT FLOW AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS515

18-1 Changes in Thermal Systems516

18-2 Heat Flow518

18-3 Heat Flow in Materials523

18-4 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat526

18-5 Work Done by Thermal Systems528

18-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics531

18-7 Internal Energy of Ideal Gases532

18-8 More Applications for Ideal Gases534

Summary538

Understanding the Concepts539

Problems540

19 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THERMAL PHYSICS548

19-1 A Microscopic View of Gases549

19-2 Pressure and Molecular Motion550

19-3 The Meaning of Temperature552

19-4 Probability Distributions554

19-5 The Velocity Distribution of Gases557

19-6 The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution559

19-7 Collisions and Transport Phenomena562

Summary566

Understanding the Concepts567

Problems567

20 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS573

20-1 Beyond Energy Conservation574

20-2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics580

20-3 The Carnot Cycle581

20-4 Other Types of Engines586

20-5 Entropy and the Second Law590

20-6 Entropy and Ideal Gases594

20-7 The Meaning of Entropy596

Summary600

Understanding the Concepts601

Problems601

21 ELECTRIC CHARGE609

21-1 Charge—a Property of Matter609

21-2 Charge Is Conserved and Quantized616

21-3 Coulomb’s Law617

21-4 Forces Involving Multiple Charges621

Summary626

Understanding the Concepts627

Problems628

22 ELECTRIC FIELD633

22-1 Electric Field633

22-2 Electric Field Lines639

22-3 The Field of a Continuous Distribution642

22-4 Motion of a Charge in a Field648

22-5 The Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field650

Summary653

Understanding the Concepts654

Problems655

23 GAUSS’ LAW661

23-1 What Does Gauss’ Law Do？661

23-2 Gauss’ Law665

23-3 Using Gauss’ Law to Determine Electric Fields668

23-4 Conductors and Electric Fields672

23-5 Are Gauss’ and Coulomb’s Laws Correct？675

Summary677

Understanding the Concepts678

Problems678

24 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL683

24-1 Electric Potential Energy684

24-2 Electric Potential686

24-3 Equipotentials691

24-4 Determining Fields from Potentials694

24-5 The Potentials of Charge Distributions696

24-6 Potentials and Fields Near Conductors700

24-7 Electric Potentials in Technology703

Summary707

Understanding the Concepts708

Problems708

25 CAPACITORS AND DIELECTRICS714

25-1 Capacitance714

25-2 Energy in Capacitors718

25-3 Energy in Electric Fields720

25-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series721

25-5 Dielectrics723

25-6 The Microscopic Description of Dielectrics729

Summary731

Understanding the Concepts732

Problems733

26 CURRENTS IN MATERIALS738

26-1 Electric Current739

26-2 Currents in Materials742

26-3 Resistance745

26-4 Resistances in Series and in Parallel749

26-5 Free-Electron Model of Resistivity750

26-6 Materials and Conductivity752

26-7 Electric Power755

Summary758

Understanding the Concepts759

Problems760

27 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS766

27-1 EMF766

27-2 Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule770

27-3 Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule772

27-4 Measuring Instruments776

27-5 RC Circuits779

Summary783

Understanding the Concepts783

Problems784

28 THE EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS791

28-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields792

28-2 Magnetic Force on an Electric Charge793

28-3 Consequences of the Magnetic Force on a Charge796

28-4 Magnetic Forces on Currents804

28-5 Magnetic Force on Current Loops807

28-6 The Hall Effect810

Summary811

Understanding the Concepts812

Problems813

29THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELDS820

29-1 Ampere’s Law820

29-2 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism826

29-3 Solenoids828

29-4 The Biot-Savart Law832

29-5 The Maxwell Displacement Current838

Summary840

Understanding the Concepts841

Problems842

30 FARADAY’S LAW847

30-1 Faraday’s Discovery and the Law of Induction848

30-2 Motional EMF855

30-3 Forces and Energy in Motional EMF858

30-4 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields861

30-5 Generators863

30-6 The Frame Dependence of Fields864

Summary865

Understanding the Concepts865

Problems866

31 MAGNETISM AND MATTER873

31-1 The Magnetic Properties of Bulk Matter874

31-2 Atoms as Magnets878

31-3 Ferromagnetism881

31-4 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism884

31-5 Magnetism and Superconductivity886

31-6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance886

Summary888

Understanding the Concepts889

Problems889

32 INDUCTANCE AND CIRCUIT OSCILLATIONS893

32-1 Inductance and Inductors893

32-2 Energy in Inductors898

32-3 Energy in Magnetic Fields900

32-4 Time Dependence in RL Circuits901

32-5 Oscillations in LC Circuits903

32-6 Damped Oscillations in RLC Circuits905

32-7 Energy in LC and RLC Circuits908

Summary910

Understanding the Concepts911

Problems911

33 ALTERNATING CURRENTS917

33-1 Transformers917

33-2 Single Elements in AC Circuits920

33-3 AC in Series RLC Circuits926

33-4 Power in AC Circuits929

33-5 Some Applications931

Summary935

Understanding the Concepts936

Problems937

34MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES943

34-1 Maxwell’s Equations944

34-2 Electromagnetic Waves945

34-3 Energy and Momentum Flow954

34-4 Dipole Radiation957

34-5 Polarization959

34-6 Electromagnetic Radiation as Particles964

Summary965

Understanding the Concepts968

Problems968

35 LIGHT974

35-1 The Speed of Light975

35-2 When Can Light Waves Be Treated as Rays？977

35-3 Reflection and Refraction979

35-4 Fermat’s Principle985

35-5 Dispersion988

Summary991

Understanding the Concepts992

Problems993

36 MIRRORS AND LENSES AND THEIR USES998

36-1 Images and Mirrors998

36-2 Spherical Mirrors1001

36-3 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces1009

36-4 Thin Lenses1014

36-5 Optical Instruments1018

36-6 Aberration1022

Summary1023

Understanding the Concepts1024

Problems1025

37 INTERFERENCE1029

37-1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment1029

37-2 Intensity in the Double-Slit Experiment1034

37-3 Interference from Reflection1037

37-4 Interferometers1042

Summary1044

Understanding the Concepts1044

Problems1045

38 DIFFRACTION1050

38-1 The Diffraction of Light1050

38-2 Diffraction Gratings1052

38-3 Single-Slit Diffraction1056

38-4 Resolution of Optical Instruments1059

38-5 Slit Width and Grating Patterns1062

38-6 X-Ray Diffraction1062

38-7 Holography1065

Summary1067

Understanding the Concepts1068

Problems1069

39 SPECIAL RELATIVITY1073

39-1 Is an Ether Necessary？1073

39-2 The Einstein Postulates1076

39-3 Space，Time，and Simultaneity1078

39-4 Time Dilation and Length Contraction1079

39-5 The Relativistic Doppler Shift1085

39-6 The Lorentz Transformations1090

39-7 Momentum and Energy in Special Relativity1096

39-8 Beyond Special Relativity1101

Summary1104

Understanding the Concepts1106

Problems1106

40 QUANTUM PHYSICS1112

40-1 The Particle Nature of Radiation1113

40-2 The Wave Nature of Matter1118

40-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations1122

40-4 Quantum Mechanics and Probability1128

Summary1130

Understanding the Concepts1131

Problems1132

41 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE1137

41-1 The Quantization of Energy1137

41-2 The True Spectrum of Hydrogen1144

41-3 The Exclusion Principle and Atomic Structure1147

41-4 Molecular Structure1151

Summary1156

Understanding the Concepts1157

Problems1157

42QUANTUM EFFECTS IN LARGE SYSTEMS OF FERMIONS AND BOSONS1162

42-1 The Exclusion Principle in Bulk Matter1163

42-2 Lasers and the Behavior of Bosons1169

42-3 Superconductivity1172

42-4 Superfluidity and Liquid Helium1176

Summary1178

Understanding the Concepts1178

Problems1179

43 QUANTUM ENGINEERING1183

43-1 Energy Bands1184

43-2 Semiconductors1185

43-3 Semiconductor Structures1193

43-4 Band-Gap Engineering1197

43-5 Scanning Microscopy1199

Summary1202

Understanding the Concepts1203

Problems1203

44 NUCLEAR PHYSICS1207

44-1 Static Properties of Nuclei1207

44-2 Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Models1216

44-3 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions1219

44-4 Radioactivity1220

44-5 Fission and Fusion1224

44-6 Applications of Nuclear Physics1227

Summary1231

Understanding the Concepts1231

Problems1232

45 PARTICLES AND COSMOLOGY1236

45-1 Probing the Structure of Matter1236

45-2 New Quantum Numbers1240

45-3 The Fundamental Constituents of Matter：Leptons and Quarks1244

45-4 The Fundamental Forces and Their Carriers1246

45-5 The Tools of Particle Physics1252

45-6 Cosmology and the Expanding Universe1257

45-7 A Few Last Words1264

Summary1264

Understanding the Concepts1265

Problems1266

APPENDIX Ⅰ THE SYSTEME INTERNATIONALE （SI） OF UNITS1271

APPENDIX Ⅱ SOME FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS1272

APPENDIX Ⅲ OTHER PHYSICAL QUANTITIES1273

APPENDIX Ⅳ MATHEMATICS1275

APPENDIX Ⅴ PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS1278

APPENDIX Ⅵ SIGNIFICANT DATES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS1279

ANSWERS TO “WHAT DO YOU THINK？” QUESTIONS1281

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS QUESTIONS1295

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS1301

PHOTO CREDITS1323

INDEX1327