Radiology Physics An Introductory Course For Medical Or Premedical Students and For All RadiologistsPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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CHAPTER Ⅰ．ALTERNATING CURRENTS1

1．ELECTROMAGNETISM1

2．ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION2

3．ALTERNATING CURRENTS (A．C．)3

4．STRENGTH OF A．C5

5．MEANING OF R．M．S6

6．INDUCTIVE AND NON-INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS6

7．IMPEDANCE AND INDUCTIVE REACTANCE8

8．CAPACITATIVE REACTANCE10

9．COMBINATION OF RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY11

10．RESISTANCE，CAPACITY AND INDUCTANCE11

11．PHASE DIFFERENCE12

12．POWER FACTOR14

13．CAPACITY AND PHASE DIFFERENCE15

CHAPTER Ⅱ．PRODUCTION OF HIGH VOLTAGE．Part I16

14．THE INDUCTION COIL16

15．THE TRANSFORMER18

16．INSULATION20

17．EFFICIENCY AND POWER RATING OF TRANSFORMERS20

18．TRANSFORMER RATING21

19．RECTIFICATION22

20．OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER WITH MECHANICAL RECTIFIER24

21．NATURE OF TUBE CURRENT24

22．POLARITY INDICATOR25

CHAPTER Ⅲ．MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF HIGH TENSION VOLTAGE27

23．SPARK-GAP METER27

24．CORONA29

25．PRIMARY VOLTMETER29

26．ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER30

27．CURRENT THROUGH A HIGH RESISTANCE32

28．THE SEEMAN SPECTORGRAPH33

29．CONTROL OF TUBE VOLTAGE BY RHEOSTAT33

30．VOLTAGE CONTROL BY AUTO-TRANSFORMER34

CHAPTER Ⅳ．CATHODE RAYS36

31．CONDUCTIVITY OF AIR36

32．CONDUCTIVITY OF AIR AT REDUCED PRESSURE38

33．APPEARANCE OF VACUUM TUBE39

34．PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS39

35．NATURE OF CATHODE RAYS42

36．STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM45

37．MEANING OF IONIZATION46

38．IONIZATION BY COLLISION47

39．ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT47

40．ORIGIN OF ROENTGEN RAYS48

CHAPTER Ⅴ．POSITIVE RAYS AND ISOTOPES49

41．NATURE OF CONDUCTIVITY AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE49

42．CONDUCTIVITY AT REDUCED PRESSURE49

43．POSITIVE RAYS50

44．CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BY POSITIVE RAYS51

45．ISOTOPES54

46．DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS BY PHYSICAL METHOD55

47．DISCOVERY OF DEUTERIUM55

48．THE PROTON56

CHAPTER Ⅵ．ROENTGEN TUBES58

49．TWO TYPES OF TUBES58

50．THE GAS TUBE58

51．REGULATION OF CURRENT IN GAS TUBE59

52．BLACKENING OF TUBES60

53．METHODS OF COOLING A TARGET61

54．THERMIONIC EMISSION61

55．HOT FILAMENT RECTIFIERS63

56．HOT FILAMENT X-RAY TUBE63

57．PREPARATION OF HOT FILAMENT TUBES66

58．FOCUSING66

59．THE ANODE AND TARGET68

60．CONTROL OF TUBE CURRENT68

61．VOLTAGE STABILIZER71

62．X-RAY PROTECTION AND METALIX TUBE74

63．LINE FOCUS75

64．ROTATING ANODE76

65．RATING77

66．SHOCKPROOF TUBES80

67．OIL IMMERSION80

68．LOW VOLTAGE TUBES80

CHAPTER Ⅶ．VALVE RECTIFICATION83

69．SELF-RECTIFYING TUBES83

70．VALVE RECTIFIERS84

71．TYPES OF VALVES85

72．HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION87

73．FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION87

74．TUBE RATING AND TYPE OF RECTIFICATION88

75．THE USE OF CONDENSERS WITH VALVES90

76．THE GREINACHER CIRCUIT91

77．THE VILLARD CIRCUIT93

CHAPTER VIII．GENERAL PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS95

78．PHOTOGRAPHIC EFFECT95

79．FLUORESCENT EFFECT95

80．CHEMICAL AND DEHYDRATING EFFECTS96

81．BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS96

82．IONIZATION EFFECT96

83．PENETRATING EFFECT97

84．QUALITY AND TUBE VOLTAGE98

85．QUALITY AND HALF VALUE LAYER (H．V．L．)99

86．HOMOGENEOUS BEAM AND EXPONENTIAL LAW102

87．PROTECTION103

CHAPTER Ⅸ．ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES106

88．THE SPECTROGRAPH106

89．MEASUREMENT OF WAVE LENGTH107

90．THE ANGSTROM AND MILLIMICRON110

91．THE INFRARED111

92．INFRARED RADIATION IN MEDICINE111

93．ELECTRIC WAVES111

94．THE ULTRAVIOLET112

95．SOURCES OF ULTRAVIOLET113

96．THE USE OF ULTRAVIOLET IN MEDICINE114

97．BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET118

98．PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D118

99．X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS118

CHAPTER Ⅹ．MEASUREMENT OF WAVE LENGTH OF X-RAYS119

100．REFLECTION OF X-RAYS119

101．X-RAY SPECTROMETER121

102．X-RAY SPECTROGRAPH121

103．SHORTEST WAVE LENGTHS122

104．GENERAL AND CHARACTERISTIC RADIATIONS123

105．WHITE RADIATION124

106．CHARACTERISTIC RAYS125

107．WAVE LENGTH AND PENETRATION125

108．K，L，AND M RAYS126

109．INTERPRETATION OF K，L，AND M WAVE LENGTHS127

110．MEANING OF CORRESPONDING WAVE LENGTHS130

111．EFFECTIVE WAVE LENGTH130

112．RELATION OF FOCAL SPOT TO WAVE LENGTH132

CHAPTER Ⅺ．SECONDARY X-RAYS AND ABSORPTION133

113．SECONDARY X-RAYS133

114．SCATTERED RADIATION134

115．CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION135

116．PHOTO-ELECTRONS136

117．SEEING IONS136

118．RECOIL ELECTRONS AND SCATTERING137

119．nATURE OF ABSORPTION138

120．FILTRATION AND CRITICAL ABSORPTION WAVE LENGTH138

121．THE MEANING OF CRITICAL ABSORPTION WAVE LENGTH140

122．ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS142

123．MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT144

124．A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE146

125．THE COEFFICIENTS μ AND τ147

126．SCATTERED RAYS AND RADIOGRAPHY148

127．DIAPHRAGMS AND SECONDARY RAYS149

128．THE POTTER-BUCKY DIAPHRAGM149

129．CAUSES OF GRID SHADOWS150

130．LYSHOLM GRID152

CHAPTER Ⅻ．ROENTGEN RAY DOSAGE153

131．QUALITY AND INTENSITY153

132．ABSOLUTE INTENSITY AND LAW OF INVERSE SQUARE154

133．MEANING OF INTENSITY IN X-RAY DOSAGE154

134．MEANS OF MEASURING ABSORBED X-RAY ENERGY155

135．DOSAGE BY IONIZATION157

136．SATURATION IONIZATION CURRENT157

137．IONIZATION CHAMBERS159

138．THE ROENTGEN159

139．DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE VOLUME162

140．NULL METHOD OF MEASURING IONIZATION CURRENT163

141．CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE164

142．1937 DEFINITION OF THE ROENTGEN165

143．THIMBLE CHAMBERS166

144．VICTOREEN CONDENSER-METER167

145．AIR DOSE，TISSUE DOSE，AND BACK SCATTER168

146．DEPTH DOSAGE170

147．THRESHOLD ERYTHEMA DOSE172

148．SPECIFICATION OF TREATMENT CONDITIONS173

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．RADIOACTIVITY175

149．THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY175

150．THE NATURE OF THE RADIATIONS176

151．ALPHA RAYS176

152．BETA RAYS179

153．GAMMA RAYS180

154．RADIUM IN TREATMENT181

155．STRENGTH OF A RADIUM SOURCE182

156．DOSE IN ROENTGENS183

157．RADON184

158．GROWTH OF RADON187

159．THE CURIE AND MILLICURIE189

160．DISINTEGRATION AND NATURE＇S TRANSMUTATION189

161．ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION193

162．PROTECTION195

163．OTHER RADIOACTIVE FAMILIES195

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．PRODUCTION OF HIGH VOLTAGE．Part II SUPERVOLTAGE TUBES AND HIGH SPEED PARTICLES196

164．IMPORTANCE OF SUPERVOLTAGE196

165．THE INDUCTION COIL197

166．THE CASCADE GENERATOR197

167．VAN DE GRAAFF ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR199

168．MEASUREMENT OF SUPERVOLTAGE202

169．SUPERVOLTAGE TUBES204

170．HIGH SPEED PARTICLES．THE CYCLOTRON207

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY215

171．NUCLEAR BOMBARDMENT215

172．PROTON BOMBARDMENT216

173．DEUTERON BOMBARDMENT216

174．ARTIFICIAL ALPHA PARTICLES217

175．DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON217

176．OTHER METHODS OF PRODUCING NEUTRONS219

177．IMPORTANCE OF THE NEUTRON220

178．PROTECTION AGAINST NEUTRONS221

179．NEUTRON BOMBARDMENT221

180．THE POSITRON，THE MESOTRON，AND COSMIC RAYS222

181．ARTIFICIAL OR INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY223

182．RADIOACTIVE INDICATORS226

183．GAMMA RAY BOMBARDMENT227

184．MASS AND ENERGY228

185．ENERGY FROM DESTRUCTION OF MATTER230

186．EMISSION OF GAMMA RAYS IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS231

187．STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS232

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS233

188．CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENTS233

189．THE GENERATION OF DAMPED HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS234

190．EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY236

191．PRIMARY TESLA CIRCUIT237

192．DIATHERMY WITH DAMPED OSCILLATIONS238

193．SECONDARY TESLA CIRCUIT239

194．THE TRIODE VALVE240

195．GENERATION OF UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS242

196．DIATHERMY WITH UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS243

197．THE GENERATION OF ELECTRIC WAVES244

APPENDIX247

Ⅰ．SOME USEFUL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS247

Ⅱ．TABLE OF ATOMIC NUMBERS，ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND STABLE ISOTOPES248

Ⅲ．PROBLEMS AND EXAMINATION QUESTIONS250

Ⅳ．INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR X-RAY AND RADIUM PROTECTION257

INDEX263