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PART ONE．SOCIOLOGICAL ORIENTATION1

Chapter 1 FOUNDATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY3

Nursing School—＂New World＂of Experience3

Quest for Basic Understanding of Experience4

Behavior Influenced by Social Experience5

All Knowledge Is Relative5

Determining Facts of Illness6

Facts Interpreted by Reference to Systems of Analysis7

Continuous Expansion of Bases for Medical Interpretation8

More Understanding of Human Relations Needed8

Puzzling Nature of＂Human Nature＂10

The Case of＂Understanding＂Fatigue11

Nurses in Changing Social Situation13

Nursing Responsibilities Are Changing14

Goals and Functions of Nursing15

Educational Changes Demanded16

The Challenge of this Book17

For Investigation and Discussion19

Bibliography19

Chapter 2 ANALYZING THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY20

Comparison with Dissection and Study of Human Anatomy20

Communication，＂Correct＂Forms20

All Parts Have Functions22

Culture，the Total Way of Life23

Tools for Detailed Study of Culture24

Trait，Complex，Pattern，and System24

Social Norms：Folkways，Mores，Laws25

Social Institutions28

Defects and Disorders May Develop in Changing Social Institutions29

Summary View of Social Structure30

How Culture and Society Are Related30

For Investigation and Discussion31

Bibliography31

Chapter 3 SOCIAL LIFE OCCURS IN GROUPS32

Informal Group Formation32

Chief Characteristics of Human Groups33

Aggregations and Classifications Are Not Groups35

Classification of Social Groups35

Primary Groups36

Primary Group Experience May Be Limited or Absent39

Secondary Group Life May Become Dominant40

Bureaucracy42

Groups Related Vertically or Horizontally43

Stratification of Groups45

Mobility46

In-Groups and Out-Groups47

Ethnocentrism Produced Experimentally50

Ethnocentrism and Professional Groups52

For Investigation and Discussion52

Bibliography53

Chapter 4 HUMAN NATURE AND PERSONALITY54

Why We Look into Mirrors54

Infants at Birth55

Original Helplessness Plus Flexibility56

＂Not Born Human＂57

Anticipation of Infant＇s Birth57

Socialization59

Idea of Self Develops59

Development of Self Words and Speech61

Development of Moral Responsibility63

Learning To＂Play the Game of Life＂64

Personal Organization65

Focus of Social Pressure on Person66

Determinants of Personality68

Significance of Social Isolation69

Examples of Cultivation and Guidance70

Personalities of Parents Influence Child72

Getting Acquainted with Personalities72

For Investigation and Discussion74

Bibliography75

Chapter 5 SOCIETY IS CHANGING IN MANY WAYS76

＂What＇s New？＂76

People on the Move77

There Is a＂Battle for Men＇s Minds＂77

Perspective May Come from History78

Critical Periods Have Occurred in the Past79

Why Social Changes Occur80

Deviations May Get Acceptance80

Trial and Error80

Research and Invention82

Borrowing and Diffusion82

Limitations on Social Change83

The Culture Base83

Communication83

Intergroup Relations84

Resistance to Social Change84

Some Major Current Changes85

Technological Revolution86

Changes along Whole Cultural Front87

Social Changes and Social Stability89

Social Disorganization89

Social Problems90

Culture Lag90

Social Values91

For Investigation and Discussion92

Bibliography92

Chapter 6 SOCIAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS94

Social Defects and Disorders94

＂Hospital World＂as Model Society95

Physical Structure95

Diversification and Stratification95

Interdependence and Organization of All Parts97

Problems in＂Hospital Society＂97

Problems of Doctors98

Problems of Nurses99

Hospital，Part of Whole Society100

The Health of All the People101

Revolutionary Improvements101

Organization and Support of Health Services102

Some Highlights and Shadows in the Picture102

Physical Examinations of Inductees103

Leading Causes of Death104

Death Rate Due to Accidents105

Disability106

Mental Health107

Problems of Health and Our Way of Life109

＂Total＂and＂Positive＂Health110

The Price Required112

Quasi Health Problems112

Vice and Crime113

Alcohol and Social Problems113

Juvenile Delinquency116

For Investigation and Discussion118

Bibliography119

Chapter 7 SOCIAL PROBLEMS(continued)120

State Pride120

＂States＇Rights＂and Obligations121

The Problem of Intergroup Relations121

Religious，Racial，and Class Groups122

The Negro Is a Minority Group123

Under Slavery123

Humanitarian Developments and Legal Emancipation123

Advancement Despite Social Inertia124

Race and Group Consciousness124

Significant Changes125

The Problem Remains125

Impact of Prejudice on Self and Personality125

Biological Differences Are Social Symbols126

Japanese，Indians，Mexicans126

Marginal Persons127

Some Problems of Jewish-Gentile Groups128

Long History of Separation and Persecution128

High Status of Many Jews129

Stereotyped Image129

Some Cooperation and Friendship129

Most Serious Aspect of Problem130

Religious Conflict May Disorganize Society131

Fractional Strife in Communities131

Labor-Management Relations132

Emergence of Modern Economic Groups132

Labor Organization132

Important Facts and Issues133

Light May Be Dawning133

The Basic Problem of Social Intelligence134

Behavior Rests on Consent134

Children Must＂Know the Game＂Being Played134

The＂Hospital World＂Once More134

Complexity of Informed Public Opinion135

Some Underlying Difficulties136

Static Learning and Dynamic Living136

Fear of Inquiry and Understanding136

Propaganda137

Control through Advertising137

Propaganda Is Subtle137

Extreme Results in Germany138

Protection against Propaganda138

For Investigation and Discussion139

Bibliography140

Chapter 8 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS ARE CHANGING141

Variability among Families141

Similarities by Habitats and Classes141

Changing Bases of Family Structure142

The Traditional American Family144

Patriarchal in Form144

Primary Goals145

Agricultural Interest145

Functions of the Traditional Family146

Changes in Economic Relations and Functions147

Technological Revolution147

New Things Become Necessities148

Work Pattern of Family Changes148

Changes Associated with Reproductive Function149

Children—Economic Assets or Liabilities150

Emphasis on Individualism151

Happiness—By-Product or Goal151

Changes in Protection and Maintenance Functions152

Welfare，Health，and Educational Services152

Family as Consumption Unit153

Transmission of Property，Status，and Name153

Arts and Crafts Instruction Declines154

Creative and Recreative Activities155

Limited Function of Mass Amusements156

Determination of Vocation or Vocational Preference156

Chapter 9 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS(continued)158

Determination of Conceptions of Self and Personality158

Mastery of Language159

Children May Learn More Than Parents160

Training in Manners and Morals160

Child Training and Reactions to Illness161

Cross-Cultural Differences in Early Training161

Relative Length of Complete Dependence162

Family Continues as Chief Source of Early Training163

Community Shares More Training163

Guidance from＂The Lonely Crowd＂163

Provision of Affection and Security164

Essential Family Function164

Effects of Institutional Life on Personality165

Report of Case Study166

＂Explanation＂of Love168

Completeness of Self in Others168

Complementarity in Courtship and Marriage169

Possible Clue to Divorce170

Family System Becomes Unstable and Families Disorganized171

Summary of Changes in Family171

The Family System in Transition172

Significance of Complementarity Reviewed173

For Investigation and Discussion173

Bibliography174

Chapter 10 WE ARE AT HOME IN COMMUNITIES175

Help from Community in Getting Job175

The Community Is a Social Group175

Experience in Community176

What We Know about Our Community176

Better Acquaintance with Communities177

What We Need To Know177

Geographical and Regional Location178

Reasons for Community Location179

Regional Connections among Communities179

Value of Historical Sketch179

Extent，Size，and Layout of Communities180

Legal and Sociological Boundaries180

Rapid Expansion Quite Disturbing181

Variability in Size of Communities181

Need for a Base Map182

Population182

Variation in Sex and Age Ratios183

Natural Areas183

In Smaller Places Such as Jonesville184

In Larger Cities184

Value of Area Analysis187

Class Structure187

In Jonesville187

Variations in Class Structure188

Economic Base and Division of Labor189

Competition and Cooperation190

Family Life191

Religious Organizations191

Some Points of Difference191

Systems of Control and Government192

Control Related to Freedom192

Making Community Decisions192

Why＂Political Machines＂193

One-Family Domination193

Power Structure194

If Informed People May Rule194

Communication195

The Local Newspaper195

Informal Communication196

Holding Together196

Habitual Patterns for Living196

Special Occasions and Interests196

Distinctive Character of Each Community197

Calls for Particular Study197

For Investigation and Discussion197

Bibliography198

Chapter 11 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES199

American Ideal of Progress199

Many Organizations for Improvement199

Efforts To Eliminate Undesirable Conditions200

Trial and Error Lead to Establishing Agencies200

Health Organization201

Historical Perspective Needed202

Antecedents of Medicine202

Recognition of Environmental Factors in Disease203

Discoveries Essential to Advent of Public Health203

Evolutionary View of Hospital Services204

Nursing Becomes Essential to Coherent Health Service205

Chief Reasons for Revolutionary Gains in Health205

Chronic Diseases Illustrate Future Challenges206

Welfare Organization207

Some Forerunners of Welfare Organization208

Case Work—New Rationale and Method209

Discoveries in St．Paul Indicate Major Need in Welfare Organizations209

Recreational Organization211

Recency of Many Recreational Demands211

Recreation Gives Rise to Problems of Regulation212

Recreation for All213

Communities Vary Widely in Recreational Organization214

Therapeutic Values of Recreation Uncertain214

Educational Organization214

Cabinet Post Combines Health，Education，and Welfare214

Educational Functions Widely Diffused215

Education Broader than Schooling215

Average Educational Level Rising216

Historically and Currently Schools Lack Integration216

Investigation and Experimentation Needed216

Toward Positive Community Organization217

Health Organization Points the Way217

Lag in Welfare Organization217

Public Support and Participation Crucial218

Economy and Efficiency Required219

Two Types of Competence for Professional Service Personnel219

For Investigation and Discussion220

Bibliography220

PART TWO．SOCIOLOGY APPLIED TO NURSING INTRODUCTION TO PART TWO224

Chapter 12 CHANGING ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF HEALTH SERVICES225

Emergence of Present-Day Health Services from a Disorganized Pattern of Care for the Sick225

The Family Primarily Self-Sufficient in Most Illness Situations226

Changes in Medical Care and Medical Practice226

The Family Doctor226

Contrasts in Cost of Medical Services227

The Advent of the Specialist227

Specialization in Medical Practice227

Access to Clinics and Hospitals228

Early Hospitals228

Attitude toward Hospitalization229

Personnel Involved in Care of the Patient229

Modern Hospitals229

Changing Role of the Hospital229

Changes in Hospital Environment229

Length of Hospital Stay230

Change in Attitude about Hospitalization230

Increasing Complexity of Relationships of Hospital Personnel230

Team Concept of Care231

Hospital Facilities More Readily Available to All231

Health Services and the Consumer231

The Consumer231

Demand for Adequate Health Services232

Public Relations232

Broadening Concept of Health233

Nurses＇Training Gives Way to Education for Nursing233

Nursing Education234

Nursing Service235

Change in Concept of Nursing235

Status and Role of the Nurse236

Variations in the Community239

Variations in the Work Environment241

Summary245

For Investigation and Discussion246

Bibliography247

Chapter 13 STRUCTURE OF NURSING SITUATIONS248

Basic Understandings248

Physical Aspects248

Social Institutions in the Community248

Population Characteristics249

Differences in Urban and Rural Communities249

Religion250

Family Size250

Income，Occupation，and Economic Status251

Housing252

Marriage Establishes the Family254

Health Requirements for Marriage254

Common-Law Marriage254

Family Life255

Establishing a Home255

Class Differentiation in Families256

Class Structure256

Family Disintegration256

Annulment257

Desertion257

Divorce257

Separation257

Family Relationships259

Democracy in the Family259

Autocracy in the Family259

Effects on Planning259

Other Assets of the Family Group260

Educational Attainment260

Intelligence260

Skill of the Homemaker261

Health Information261

Health Status261

Summary262

For Investigation and Discussion263

Bibliography264

Chapter 14 NURSING SITUATIONS RELATING TO MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH266

Cycle of Nurse＇s Contacts during This Period266

Family Relationships267

The Woman Who Is To Become a Mother268

Family Customs270

Family Attitudes270

Relationships271

Fears of Pregnancy271

Admission to the Maternity Ward273

Maternal and Newborn Mortality273

Postnatal Period275

Rooming-In277

The Newborn277

The Midwife278

The Incomplete Family279

The Unmarried Mother279

Community Resources282

Specialized Institutions That Aid Families in the Maternal and Newborn Period282

National Institutions282

Children＇s Bureau282

Aid to Dependent Children of Social Security Act283

State Institutions283

Division of Child Hygiene，State Department of Health283

Local Institutions284

County Health Department284

Hospitals284

Maternity Homes284

Homemaker Service285

Temporary Home Placement in Foster Homes or Boarding Homes285

Planned Parenthood286

Summary287

For Investigation and Discussion288

Bibliography288

Chapter 15 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE INFANT PERIOD OF LIFE290

The Infant290

Early Contacts290

A Look at the Picture291

The Place of the Infant in the Population291

Mortality and Morbidity in the First Year of Life291

The Infant and His Family291

Family Structure292

Husband-Father and Wife-Mother in Their New Roles294

Housing294

Family Economic Resources294

Cultural Heritage Influences Parents295

Orientation of Infant＇s Basic Sense of Emotional Security and Dependence295

Attitude of Parents296

Communication Early in Infancy296

The Infant Begins Social Interaction296

Control as Part of Interactive Process297

Improved Care as a Result of Teaching297

Culture and Satisfaction of Infant Needs298

Impact of Culture298

Individualization298

Feeding Practices299

Preventive Health Practices for the Infant299

The Nurse and the Normal Infant300

The Infant Becomes a Human Individual301

From Biological Organism to Human Being301

The Rise of the Self301

Hospitalization of the Infant and Young Child301

Admission Data and Uses302

The Infant with Congenital Anomalies303

Parents and the Premature305

The Role of Government in Infant Care306

Community Resources Offering Specialized Services307

Summary307

For Investigation and Discussion308

Bibliography309

Chapter 16 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE PRESCHOOL PERIOD310

Life Begins To Have Real Meaning310

Social World Enlarges311

Play Groups311

The Neighborhood312

Development of Communication Skills Gives Impetus to Social Interaction312

The Self Becomes a Reality313

Emergence of a Person-ality314

The Child Becomes a Personality314

Parents Guide Personality Development314

Structuring Environment for Optimum Growth and Development314

Setting Limits for Behavior Maturation314

Significance of Kinship Group315

Sibling Group316

Preparation of an Older Brother or Sister316

The Child and Religious Influence318

Bridging the Gap between Home and School319

Day Care Centers319

Continuing Preventive Health Practices320

A Step-Mother or Step-Father321

Foster Homes322

Adoption322

Summary323

For Investigation and Discussion324

Bibliography324

Chapter 17 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE EARLY SCHOOL YEARS326

The Niche of the Six-Twelve Year Age Group in Socioeconomic Strata of Society327

Compendium of Physical Growth，Mental Development，and Acquired Skills327

The Family328

Recognition and Acceptance of Differences in Children329

Responsibilities in an Enlarged Social World329

Respect for Property Rights329

Manners329

Money330

Communication330

Personality Development Continues330

The School Has an Important Role To Play331

Group Adjustment in School Environment332

Group Interaction Becomes More Diversified332

Folkways Continue as a Means of Social Control333

Mores334

The Seed of Prejudice Is Sown334

Meeting the Child＇s Needs for Sex Information335

Health Needs336

Remedial Defects336

Hospitalization for the Older Child337

Community Resources338

Summary338

For Investigation and Discussion339

Bibliography340

Chapter 18 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE TEENS341

What Is the Child Like in His Teens？341

What Are Some of the Needs of the＂Normal＂Adolescent？342

The Adolescent and His Family342

Intra-family Relationships343

Inter-family Relationships343

Groups and Their Influence344

Gangs Come into Being344

Cliques344

Youth Organizations345

Student Nurse Organizations345

Minority Groups345

School and the Teen-Ager346

Sex Development347

Dating and Courtship347

Dating348

Courtship348

Preparing Young People To Be Parents348

Marriage Counseling349

Social Hygiene Association349

Prejudice349

Attitudes toward Health350

Safety350

Becoming Aware of Public Opinion350

Child Labor Laws351

Part-Time Employment351

Delinquency351

Choosing a Career353

The Teen-Ager Becomes Aware of Factors That Limit Social Mobility354

Culture and the Teen-Ager354

Summary355

For Investigation and Discussion356

Bibliography357

Chapter 19 NURSING SITUATIONS AND THE YOUNG ADULT358

Population Changes and Satisfaction of Needs358

Society＇s Benefits359

Personal Satisfaction from Life360

Position in the Social Structure360

Personality361

Years of School Completed361

College Education362

Employment362

Career364

Healthful Living364

Marriage364

Inception of Family365

Cultural Conflicts in Marriage and Family Life366

Age and Status in the Community367

Manifestations of Personal Disorganization367

Social Illnesses367

Drug Addiction368

Alcoholism369

Prostitution370

Suicide370

Summary371

For Investigation and Discussion372

Bibliography373

Chapter 20 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE MIDDLE YEARS375

The Pattern of Family Life Changes375

Basic Needs in Middle Life376

Health Remains a Need377

Physical and Mental Changes378

The Nature of the Social World in Middle Years379

Employment379

Summary380

For Investigation and Discussion381

Bibliography381

Chapter 21 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE LATE YEARS OF LIFE382

The Nurse and the Aged382

America Is Fast Becoming a Society of Older People382

Life Expectancy Is Increasing383

People Spend Longer Years in Retirement384

When Is a Person Old？385

Basic Needs Have Not Changed385

Philosophy for Living386

Personality387

Spiritual Values387

Education387

Social Activity388

Status of Older Persons388

Recreation389

Marital Status389

Family Status389

Housing and the Aged390

Health in Old Age390

Accidents and the Older Worker391

Economic Status391

Employment in Later Years394

Retirement395

Social Insurance Programs395

Role and Function of Social Security Programs396

Indigency in the Aged396

Custodial Care for Senile Persons397

The Role of the Community398

Summary398

For Investigation and Discussion399

Bibliography400

Chapter 22 NURSING SITUATIONS IN ACUTE ILLNESS401

Application of Sociological Concepts Can Strengthen Comprehensive Nursing401

Continuity of Care403

Contrasting Physical Environments in Home and Hospital404

Hospital Admission405

Contrasting Social Environments in Health and Illness406

Acute Illness Threatens Family Security408

The Nurse-Patient Relationship in Acute Illness409

Health Education as the Most Effective Tool for Avoiding Illness410

Socio-economic Status and Incidence of Disease411

Resources Which May Be Utilized To Cover Cost of Illness411

Workmen＇s Compensation412

Prepayment Plans412

Other Sources412

Summary413

For Investigation and Discussion414

Bibliography415

Chapter 23 NURSING SITUATIONS IN LONG-TERM ILLNESS416

Identification of the Major Disabling Diseases416

Magnitude of the Problem of Chronicity417

Age Selectivity417

Prevention419

Length of Disability Period420

Personality420

Housing Facilities421

Influence on Family Living422

Social Implications of Long-Term Illness423

Economic Losses423

Long-Term Hospitalization424

Hospitalization for the Child with Long-Term Illness425

Medically Indigent426

Contrasts between Acute and Long-Term Illness427

Chronic Diseases Which Result in Non-Disabling Conditions427

Sex Differences in Disability428

Mental Illness428

Mental Illness as a Problem429

Increasing Need for Institutional Facilities429

Environmental Factors in Mental Illness430

Family Strengths and Weaknesses430

The Nurse and Mental Illness431

Social Consequences of Deformities432

The Role of the Social Case Worker433

The Role of The Practical Nurse433

Rehabilitation434

Occupational Therapy as One of the Components of Rehabilitation435

Physical Therapy436

The Community436

Summary437

For Investigation and Discussion438

Bibliography439

Chapter 24 IN THE PROCESS OF TIME441

The Framework within Which the Nurse Will Function441

Responsibilities of Leaders in Nursing443

Change443

Democracy443

Team Relationships and Group Action444

Communication445

Working with People445

Understanding Others446

Responsibility to Students446

Evidence of Progress447

Vital Attributes for the Nurse449

Problems452

For Investigation and Discussion454

Bibliography455

INDEX457