Radioactive Tracers in Biology An Introduction to Tracer MethodologyPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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CHAPTER Ⅰ．ATOMIC NUCLEI AND RADIOACTIVITY1

1．Introductory Remarks1

2．General Properties of Atomic Nuclei1

A．Nuclear Terminology1

B．Systematics of Nuclei3

C．Radioactivity9

CHAPTER Ⅱ．PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES16

1．Nuclear Reactions16

2．Neutron-Induced Transmutations19

A．General Remarks19

B．Neutron Sources21

C．Neutron Reactions22

3．Deuteron-Induced Transmutations25

A．General Remarks25

B．Deuteron Reactions27

4．Target Techniques and Radiochemistry30

A．Target Chemistry30

B．Specific Activity33

C．Separation of Isotopes by the Szilard-Chalmers Process34

D．Survey of Radio Chemistry36

CHAPTER Ⅲ．RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRACER ATOMS42

1．Introduction42

2．β Radiations43

A．The Nature of β Radiations43

B．The Energy Distribution of β Particles44

C．The Absorption of β Particles47

D．Remarks on Scattering of β Particles51

3．γ Radiations52

A．Nature of γ Radiation52

B．Interaction of γ Radiation with Matter53

CHAPTER Ⅳ．PROCEDURES FOR RADIOACTIVE ASSAY58

1．Basic Phenomena58

2．Basic Instruments60

A．General Remarks60

B．Internal Amplification Mechanism-The G-M Tube62

C．Amplification Mechanisms External to Ionization Chambers66

D．Construction and Operation of G-M Tube Counters70

E．Corrections in Radioactive Assay with G-M Tube Counters82

F．Statistics of G-M Tube Counting86

G．Standards in Radioactive Assay and Determination of Tracer Intensity89

3．Radiation Hazards92

CHAPTER Ⅴ．SURVEY OF TRACER METHODOLOGY95

1．The Significance of Tracer Methods for Biology95

2．Biochemical Applications97

A．Studies in Intermediary Metabolism97

B．Analysis by Isotope Dilution Methods112

3．Physiological Applications118

A．Permeability Studies118

B．Metabolic Turnover120

C．Transport Studies124

4．Radiation Effects in Organisms125

CHAPTER Ⅵ．RADIOACTIVE HYDROGEN(TRITIUM H3)127

1．Preparation and Properties127

2．Assay of Tritium124

3．Tritium as a Tracer for Hydrogen138

4．Tritium as an Auxiliary Tracer for Carbon138

CHAPTER Ⅶ．SHORT-LIVED RADIOACTIVE CARBON(C11)148

1．Preparation and Properties148

2．Assay of C11151

3．C11 as a Tracer Isotope152

4．The Use of C11 in Tracer Experiments153

A．Special Syntheses Involving C11153

B．Tracer Researches with C11161

CHAPTER Ⅷ．LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE CARBON(C14)168

1．Preparation and Properties168

2．Assay of C14172

3．Applications of C14 as a Tracer for Carbon176

4．Concluding Remarks and Preamble to Succeeding Chapters183

CHAPTER Ⅸ．RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS(P32)184

1．Production，Preparation and Assay184

2．Use of P32 as a Tracer187

A．General Remarks187

B．Absorption and Excretion of Phosphorus187

C．Transport of Phosphorus in Plants188

D．Metabolism of Phosphorus Compounds188

CHAPTER Ⅹ．RADIOACTIVE SULFUR(S35)201

1．Preparation，Properties and Assay201

2．Tracer Applications of S35205

A．Synthesis of Labeled Methionine205

B．Biological Conversion of Labeled Methionine to Labeled Taurine208

C．Protein Turnover as Indicated with Labeled Methionine209

D．Reversibility of Cysteine and Cystine Decomposition210

E．Distribution of Sulfur in Animals and Plants212

CHAPTER Ⅺ．ALKALI METAL AND ALKALINE EARTH TRACERS213

1．General Survey of Alkali Metal Tracers213

2．Preparation，Properties and Assay of Alkali Metal Tracers215

A．Radioactive Sodium215

B．Radioactive Potassium217

3．The Alkaline Earth Tracers-Calcium and Strontium218

CHAPTER Ⅻ．TRACER ISOTOPES OF HALOGENS221

1．Fluorine221

2．Chlorine222

3．Bromine224

4．Iodine229

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．VARIOUS RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES OF IMPORTANCE IN BIOLOGY235

1．Manganese235

2．Iron237

A．Tracer Researches237

B．Tracer Isotopes239

3．Cobalt241

4．Copper243

5．Zinc244

6．Arsenic246

7．Silver，Gold and Mercury249

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES AND MEDCIAL APPLICATIONS251

1．Introduction251

2．Visualization and Localization Techniques251

A．The Radioautograph251

B．External Exploration Techniques257

3．Applications to Radiation Therapy259

A．Introductory Remarks259

B．Radiation Therapy with Radioactive Phosphorus260

C．Radiation Therapy with Radioactive Iodine261

D．Biochemical Aspects of Radiation Therapy262

4．Other Medical Applications263

INDEX265