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Ⅰ WHAT IS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY？1

Problem 1 Anthropology as a Field of Knowledge1

Problem 2 Cultural Anthropology4

Problem 3 Cultural Anthropology as a＂Science＂6

Problem 4 The Historical Background9

Ⅱ CULTURE AND PEOPLE：SOME BASIC CONCEPTS16

Problem 5 Anthropological Use of the Term＂Culture＂17

Problem 6 The Relation of Culture to＂Society＂29

Problem 7 Anthropological Use of the Terms＂Personality＂and＂Character＂32

Problem 8 The Abstract or＂Construct＂Nature of Such Concepts35

Problem 9 ＂Civilized＂and＂Nonliterate＂Traditions44

Problem 10 Cultural Perspectives and Scientific Objectivity46

Ⅲ CULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL HERITAGE49

Problem 11 Human Characteristics in Biological Perspective50

Problem 12 The Distinctiveness of Cultural Behavior56

Problem 13 The Relation of Constitution to Culture59

Problem 14 Bodily Variation and Cultural Differences64

Ⅳ THE GROWTH OF CULTURE80

Problem 15 Available Evidence on the Distant Past81

Problem 16 The Main Levels of Cultural Growth84

Problem 17 Man as Food Gatherer87

Problem 18 The Genesis of the Food-Producing Revolution94

Problem 19 The World-Wide Consequences of the Food-Producing Revolution97

Problem 20 The Machine Age in Cultural Perspective103

Ⅴ CULTURE IN SPACE107

Problem 21 The Earth as a Human Habitat107

Problem 22 The Relation of Habitat to Culture110

Problem 23 The Geographic Distribution of Culture115

Problem 24 Cultures in the＂Ethnological Present＂122

Ⅵ THEORIES RELATING TO CULTURE，SOCIETY，AND PERSONALITY138

Problem 25 Cultural and Social Evolutionism139

Problem 26 Historicalism145

Problem 27 Diffusionism148

Problem 28 Functionalism150

Problem 29 Configurationalism155

Problem 30 The Relation of Culture to the Individual162

Problem 31 Interpersonal Relations，or Interaction between Individuals175

Problem 32 The Rapprochement of Philosophy and Anthropology178

Ⅶ UNIVERSALS AND ASPECTS OF CULTURE188

Problem 33 The Universal Patterning of Culture188

Ⅷ MATERIAL CULTURE197

Problem 34 Foods and Food Customs of Man198

Problem 35 Clothing and Personal Adornment202

Problem 36 Housing and Community Settings204

Problem 37 Travel and Transportation209

Problem 38 Tools，Weapons，and Machines212

Problem 39 Ceramics，Textiles，and Metallurgy214

Ⅸ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION221

Problem 40 Economic Behavior in the Total Perspective of Culture222

Problem 41 Systems of Production225

Problem 42 Systems of Exchange230

Problem 43 Property Concepts233

Problem 44 Systems of Consumption236

Ⅹ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION242

Problem 45 The Anthropological Approach to Social Organization243

Problem 46 Age and Generation，or the Cycle of Individual Life，as Organizing Factors247

Problem 47 Sex as an Organizing Factor251

Problem 48 Marriage：The Various Forms It May Take255

Problem 49 The Significance of the Concept of＂Family＂265

Problem 50 Kinship271

Problem 51 Descent or Ancestry as a Principle of Social Continuity274

Problem 52 Voluntary，or Interest Associations280

Problem 53 Hierarchical or Rank-Order Principles281

Ⅺ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION287

Problem 54 Anthropological Perspectives on Political Organization287

Problem 55 The Emergence of the Modern State292

Problem 56 War and Peace295

Problem 57 Localism，Nationalism，and International Organization297

Ⅻ SOCIAL CONTROL302

Problem 58 Anthropological Approaches to Social Control302

Problem 59 The Forces of Social Conformity309

Problem 60 ＂Crime＂and the Criminal313

Problem 61 The Responses of Society to Breaches of Rules315

ⅩⅢ WORLD VIEW：KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF321

Problem 62 The Ideational Dimensions of Culture321

Problem 63 Religion323

Problem 64 Magic，and Its Relation to Religion331

Problem 65 Religious Systems335

ⅩⅣ ART AND PLAY342

Problem 66 The Relation between Play and Art342

Problem 67 The Aesthetic Aspect of Culture346

Problem 68 Classification of the Arts351

Problem 69 The Major Arts352

ⅩⅤ LANGUAGE364

Problem 70 The Nature and Significance of Human Communication365

Problem 71 The Analysis of Language367

Problem 72 The Distribution and Dynamics of Language370

Problem 73 The Field of Metalinguistics375

Problem 74 Writing and Other Extensions of Speech377

ⅩⅥ STABILITY AND CHANGE381

Problem 75 Cultural Dynamics as a Field of Study381

Problem 76 Stability and Change in Culture384

Problem 77 Innovation392

Problem 78 Growth，Loss，and Reformulation396

Problem 79 Intervention402

Problem 80 Disintegration and Reintegration404

Problem 81 Rates of Change408

Problem 82 The Individual and Change413

ⅩⅦ WHAT IS AHEAD？419

Problem 83 Applied Anthropology419

Problem 84 Future Cultural Perspectives422

GLOSSARY426

REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY433

INDEX459