WETLAND ECOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND CONSERVATION SECOND EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Wetlands：an overview1

1.1 Definitions and distribution2

1.2 Wetland classification4

1.3 Wetland soils15

1.4 Flood tolerance：the primary constraint18

1.5 Secondary constraints produce different types of wetlands22

1.6 Wetlands provide valuable functions and services28

1.7 Causal factors in wetland ecology30

1.8 More on definitions and classification of wetlands34

Conclusion38

2 Flooding43

2.1 Flooding and humans：an old story46

2.2 Some biological consequences of flooding48

2.3 A survey of water level fluctuations54

2.4 General relationships between wetlands and water level fluctuations67

2.5 Reservoirs，dams，and floodplains68

2.6 Predicting consequences for wetlands74

Conclusion77

3 Fertility79

3.1 Fertility and plants80

3.2 Infertile wetlands are constrained by low nutrient levels84

3.3 Other issues related to fertility88

3.4 Animals and fertility94

3.5 Eutrophication：too much of a good thing96

3.6 Calcium interacts with fertility in peatlands104

3.7 Fertility and hydrology explain a great deal about wetlands106

Conclusion107

4 Disturbance109

4.1 Disturbance has four properties111

4.2 Disturbance triggers regeneration from buried propagules112

4.3 Examples of disturbance controlling the composition of wetlands113

4.4 Disturbances can create gap dynamics130

4.5 Measuring the effects of disturbance in future studies133

Conclusion136

5 Competition139

5.1 Some examples of competition in wetlands141

5.2 Competition is often one-sided145

5.3 Competition for light produces competitive hierarchies146

5.4 Dominant plants are often larger than subordinate plants148

5.5 Escape in space：competition in patches148

5.6 Escape in time：competition and disturbance149

5.7 Gradients provide another way of escaping in space150

5.8 Competition gradients produce centrifugal organization153

5.9 Rare animals are found in peripheral habitats：the case history of the bog turtle156

Conclusion158

6 Herbivory161

6.1 Some herbivores have large impacts on wetlands162

6.2 Wildlife diets document which animals eat which plants166

6.3 Impacts of some other herbivores on wetlands168

6.4 Plants have defenses to protect them against herbivores174

6.5 General patterns in herbivory179

6.6 Three pieces of relevant theory181

Conclusion186

7 Burial189

7.1 Exploring rates of burial192

7.2 Burial changes the species composition of wetlands201

7.3 Burial has impacts on many animal species205

7.4 Sedimentation，sediment cores，and plant succession206

7.5 Ecological thresholds：burial，coastlines，and sea level207

7.6 So is sediment bad or good？210

Conclusion211

8 Other factors213

8.1 Salinity214

8.2 Roads222

8.3 Logs and coarse woody debris225

8.4 Stream type227

8.5 Human population density is becoming a key factor229

Conclusion233

9 Diversity235

9.1 Introduction to diversity in wetlands236

9.2 Four general rules govern the number of species in wetlands238

9.3 Selected examples242

9.4 Some theory：a general model for herbaceous plant communities255

9.5 More theory：the dynamics of species pools261

9.6 Conservation of biological diversity264

Conclusion265

10 Zonation：shorelines as a prism269

10.1 The search for fundamental principles270

10.2 Shorelines provide a model system for the study of wetlands271

10.3 Possible mechanisms of zonation273

10.4 Zonation and changing sea level286

10.5 Statistical studies of zonation289

10.6 General lessons from analysis of zonation298

Conclusion299

11 Services and functions301

11.1 Wetlands have high production302

11.2 Wetlands regulate climate306

11.3 Wetlands regulate the global nitrogen cycle310

11.4 Wetlands support biological diversity314

11.5 Wetlands provide recreation and cultural services317

11.6 Wetlands reduce flood peaks319

11.7 Wetlands record history323

11.8 Adding up the services：WWF and MEA evaluate wetland services325

Conclusion328

12 Research：paths forward331

12.1 Some context：the great age of explorers332

12.2 Four basic types of information334

12.3 Limitations to species-based research337

12.4 Empirical ecology338

12.5 Assembly rules driven by key factors341

12.6 Simplification through aggregation into groups347

12.7 Six tactical guidelines360

Conclusion363

13 Restoration365

13.1 The importance of understanding wetland restoration366

13.2 Three examples367

13.3 More on principles of restoration373

13.4 More examples377

13.5 One big problem：invasive species383

13.6 A brief history of restoration385

Conclusion387

14 Conservation and management391

14.1 Humans have greatly changed wetlands392

14.2 Wetlands have changed with time397

14.3 Two views on conservation objectives400

14.4 Protection：creating reserve systems403

14.5 Problems and prospects of reserve systems411

14.6 More on restoration415

14.7 So what shall we create with restoration？416

14.8 Indicators：setting goals and measuring performance417

14.9 Humans as the biggest problem424

Conclusion425

References427

Index476

The color plates are situated between pages238