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Chapter 1 Language，Linguistics and Lexicology1

1-1-1：A Definition of Language1

ContentS1

1-1-2：Language，Society and Thought2

1-2-1：A Definition of Linguistics4

1-2-2：The Scope of Linguistics5

1-3-1：What Is Lexicology？5

1-3-2：Aims and Significance of the Course of English Lexicology5

2．With grammar7

3．With stylistics7

1．With phonetics7

1-3-3：The Connection of Lexicology With Other Branches of Linguistics7

4．With historical linguistics8

1-3-4：Two Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology8

Chapter 2 The Sources of the English Vocabulary11

2-1-1：TheEnglish People and the English Language11

2-1-2：The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family11

2-1-3：The Divisions of the History of the English Language12

2-1-4：Some Characteristics of Old English13

2-1-5：Some Characteristics of Middle English15

2-1-6：Some Characteristics of Modern English17

2-2-1：Wordsof Native Origin21

1．The polysemic character of native words in English21

2．The collocability of native words in English22

3．Word-forming ability of native words in Modern English23

2-2-2：Borrowed Words in the English Vocabulary23

1．Causes and means of borrowings into English24

3．Elevationof meaning（Amelioration） （125

2．Four groups of loan-words25

2-3-2：The Scandinavian Element inthe English Vocabulary27

2-3-1：The Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary27

2-3-3：The French Element in the English Vocabulary30

1．French loan-words in the Middle English period31

2．French loan-words after the Middle English period33

1．The zero period of Latin influence34

Vocabulary34

2-3-4：The Latin Element in the English34

2．The first period of Latin influence35

4．The third period of Latin influence36

3．The secondperiod of Latin influence36

5．The fourthperiod of Latin influence37

2-3-5：The Greek Element in the English Vocabulary38

1．Words relating to literature38

2．Words relating to linguistics38

3．Words relating to natural sciences38

4．Words relating to socialsciences38

5．Words relating to medicine38

1．The preciseness of meaning of the classical elements39

2-3-6：The Influence of the Classical Elements upon the English Vocabulary39

2．The richness of the classical elements in the English vocabulary40

3．The cosmopolitan character of the classical elements41

2-3-7：Other Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary41

2-3-8：Interrelation betweenthe Native and Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary43

Chapter 3 Word Meaningand Semantic Relations46

3-1-1：Some General Remarks on Semantics46

and Meaning46

3-1-2：The Relationship between Meaning andtheObject49

3-2-1：What Is a Word？50

1．Phonetic motivation52

3-2-2：Meaningand Motivation52

2．Grammatical motivation53

3．Motivationby meaning53

3-3-1：Classifications of Words54

1．According to the lexical meaning and grammatical function of words54

2．According to the usage of words54

3．According to the character of words56

4．According to motivation56

5．According to polysemy and monosemy57

6．According to the origin57

2．Lexical meaning58

3．Contextual meaning58

1．Grammatical meaning58

3-3-2：Main Types of Word Meaning58

4．Denotative meaning59

5．Connotative meaning59

6．Stylistic meaning59

3-3-3：Word Meaning and Context62

3-4-1：Synonyms66

1．What are synonyms？66

2．The source of synonyms66

3．The significance of studying synonyms69

4．Absolute synonyms and relative69

synonyms69

2．Types of antonyms73

3-4-2：Antonyms73

1．What are antonyms？73

3．Different antonyms of one word76

4．Use of antonyms77

3-4-3：Polysemy and Homonymy79

1．The definition of polysemy79

2．Two main processes of sense-shift79

3．The definition of homonymy and homonyms82

4．The classification of homonyms82

5．Three ways of forming homonyms86

1．The definition of neologisms89

Chapter 4 The Changing English Vocabulary89

4-1-1：Neologisms89

3．The sources of new words90

2．The rate of changes of the English vocabulary90

4．The formation of neologisms104

4-1-2：Archaisms110

1．The definition of archaisms110

2．The reasons for the disappearance of words110

3．Obsolete words may be still used at the present time111

4-2-1：Changes in Meaning115

1．Historical causes115

4．Linguistic causes116

3．Psychological causes116

2．Social causes116

4-2-2：FourTendencies in Semantic Changes117

1．Extension of meaning（Generalization）117

2．Narrowing of meaning（Specialization）122

4．Degradation of meaning（Deterioration）126

4-2-3：Semantic Changes from the Literal Use of Words to Their Figurative Use129

1．Metaphor129

2．Metonymy139

3．Synecdoche144

4．Euphemism145

Chapter 5 Word-formation in English150

5-1-1：Introduction150

1．Morphological structure and classification of words150

2．Two types of morphemes151

3．Three types of words152

4．Root，base，stem153

5-2-1：The Main Processes of English Word-formation161

1．Prefixation162

2．Suffixation204

3．Conversion235

4．Compounding252

5-2-2：The Minor Processes of English Word-formation269

1．Clipping or shortening269

2．Acronyms272

3．Blending276

4．Back-formation278

5．Forming new words by analogy280

6．Onomatopoeia281

Chapter 6 English Idioms284

6-1-1：The Definition of Idioms284

6-1-2：The Significance of Studying English Idioms285

6-1-3：The Features of English Idioms286

1．Idioms used in colloquial style290

6-1-4：English Idioms in Different Styles290

2．Idioms used in any situation291

3．Idioms used in formal situations292

4．Idioms used as slang292

6-1-5：The Difference between Idiomatic and Free Phrases293

6-2-1：Classification of English Idioms294

1．Idiomatic expressions with specific grammatical structures294

2．Phrases identified with the familiar parts of speech297

3．Idioms not correlative with a given308

grammatical part of speech308

4．Idioms expressing greeting，surprise，praise or criticism312

5．Proverbs313

6-2-2：English Idioms around Different Subjects316

1．Idioms containing names of birds and animals316

2．Idioms containing names of parts of the human body317

3．Idioms involving colors319

4．Idioms containing words related to clothes320

5．Idioms involving time321

6．Idioms involving flowers and plants322

7．Idioms containing words related to fruit323

8．Idioms containing words related to shapes and measures324

7-1-1：English as a Language of World-wide Use326

Chapter 7 British and American English326

7-1-2：British and American English328

7-1-3：The Historical Background of American English331

7-2-1：Differences between British English and American English333

7-2-2：Differences in Individual Sounds334

7-2-3：Differences in Stress336

7-2-4：Differences in Spelling337

7-2-5：Differences in Vocabulary339

7-2-6：Differences in Grammar351

7-3-1：Two Contrasting Word-lists355

7-3-2：British and American English in the Future370

8-1-1：What Isa Dictionary？371

Chapter 8 English Dictionaries and How to Use Them371

8-1-2：Characteristics of Dictionaries373

8-2-1：Types of Dictionaries374

8-2-2：Monolingual，Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries374

8-2-3：General and Special Dictionaries375

8-2-4：Pocket，Medium-sized and Unabridged Dictionaries376

8-2-5：Synchronic and Diachronic Dictionaries377

8-2-6：Encyclopedias and Encyclopedic Dictionaries378

8-3-1：The History of English Dictionaries379

8-3-2：Five Periods in the History of English Dictionaries382

8-4-1：How to Use English Dictionaries384

Bibliography392